Titlebook: Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures; S. K. Ukarande Textbook 2023 The Author(s) 2023 Irrigation Systems.Hydrology Analysis.Wat

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Reservoir Planning, of scarcity, usual procedure is to construct a dam and create a reservoir just upstream of it so that it can supply water during low flow or during drought. Thus, reservoirs are useful to regulate flow in rivers, prevent flood havoc and are useful during drought.

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Canal Structures,parent canal and a head regulator across the branch canal. At times, the flow of a canal divides into two or three smaller branch canals without any regulating structure by designing the entrance of the canals in such a way that the flow enters each branch canal proportionate to its size.

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Water Requirement of Crops,There are three crop seasons in India: Kharif, Rabi and Hot Weather. Besides these three seasons, there are other two overlapping seasons like eight months season which overlaps hot weather and kharif and perennial season which overlaps all three seasons.

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Hydrology,Hydrology is a science which deals with rainfall, run-off and floods occurring in nature as a result of hydrologic cycle. One-fourth of earth’s surface is land and rest is ocean. Evaporation from oceans, lakes and ponds generate cloud formations, which are transported landward by wind and its condensation results in rains.

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Design of Gravity Dams,Dam is an obstruction constructed across a river valley with a specific purpose of creating storage reservoir on its upstream side. Its length is divided into two zones, non-overflow and overflow. The overflow part of the length of the dam is defined as spillway and rest is known as non-overflow section of the dam.

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Spillways and Gates,Spillway is an overflowing part of the length of the dam. Generally, in accordance with site condition, central part of the length of dam is chosen as overflowing section of a dam and is known as spillway.