Titlebook: Introduction to Environmental Economics and Policy in Japan; Toshi H. Arimura,Akira Hibiki Textbook‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘ 2024 The Editor(s) (if applica

grotto

Toshi H. Arimuraospheric CO. concentration is predicted to virtually occur and as a result, more CO. is absorbed by surface waters, decreasing seawater pH and carbonate saturation. Sea surface temperatures are also essentially certain to rise significantly, although less than the global mean temperature rise. Globa

遗留之物

EPT

Environmental Problems: A Market Failured by economists as negative externalities and market failures. To solve environmental problems, economic activity, which is intrinsically linked with nature and natural resources, needs to be controlled in such a way to achieve a social optimum where social welfare is maximized. A Pigouvian tax that

丰满中国

Choice of Policy Instruments: Tax, Regulation or Subsidyferable to regulations. When the government implements a regulatory instrument and assigns an optimal production volume to each firm in a way to minimize the sum of variable costs of the market, it may misallocate the volume due to limited data available for policymaking and thus, the total variable

PRE

NAVEN

Uncertainty and Policy Choice: Carbon Tax or Emissions Trading Schemeon about the demand curve, supply curve, and marginal external cost curve. In reality, however, governments do not have perfect information and therefore can mistakenly determine the optimal level of production, emissions, or an environmental tax, resulting in a decrease in social surplus. In this c

HAIRY

Waste Management: Optimal Disposal Fee and Intergenerational Use of the Landfillot unlimited and the construction of new sites is often difficult due to the “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) syndrome and various constraints, an overabundance of waste produced by the current generation causes a shortage of landfills for future generations. In this chapter, we consider the optimal int

morale

Precaution Against Environmental Accidents and Liability Rules for Damagesaccidents. In this chapter, we explain how liability rules for damages give firms incentives to adopt precautionary measures. We also discuss how the socially optimal level of measures against accidents should be set and what is the optimal liability rule.

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DRILL

Air Pollution in Japan and the World and suspended particulate matter (SPM). The chapter also discusses Japanese air pollution policy measures, including sulfur charges and vehicle type regulations, from an economic perspective. The discussion then moves to air pollution in the world. Household air pollution in developing economies an