Titlebook: Introduction to Cellular Signal Transduction; Ari Sitaramayya Textbook 1999 Birkhäuser Boston 1999 Activation.Nucleotide.Regulation.Signal

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Heterotrimeric G-proteins: Structure, Regulation, and Signaling Mechanismsc machinery of the cell. While there is tremendous variety among the pathways using G-proteins as transducers, there are certain common features of G-protein-based transduction mechanisms that are conserved in eukaryotic organisms ranging from yeast to human beings, and these are the focus of this c

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Ras- and Rho-Related Small Molecular Weight G-proteins: Structure and Signaling Mechanismsbinding (or interaction) of the first messenger (hormones, neurotransmit- ters, cytokines, and growth factors) to the appropriate cell surface receptor triggers a cascade of biological reactions as follows. The specific cell surface receptors activate a number of intracellular effector systems, resu

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Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Structural and Functional Aspectsism of degradation of cyclic AMP. The term ‘cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase’ includes a variety of enzymes that catalyze the reaction: 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotides monophosphate + H.O → 5′ -nucleotide monophosphate. These enzymes are specific for the cyclic diester and will not hydrolyze the 2′3′ -c

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Nitric Oxide: Synthesis and Intracellular Actionsentral nervous system function, renal function, and immune responses. NO is produced by three classes of enzymes (NOS I, II, and III), which have different physiological stimulators. NOS I and III are activated by Ca, whereas NOS II is not. NO stimulates several second messenger cascades. The precis

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Ionic Channels Mediating Sensory Transductionused by ion channels. Ion channels are membrane proteins that selectively allow small ions, such as Na., K., Ca., and Cl., to cross the cell membrane. Ion transporters generate gradients in the concentration of these ions across the cell membrane, such that most ions have different gradients. For ex

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Bits for an Organic Microprocessor: Protein Phosphorylation/DephosphorylationThe binding of a signal to its receptor initiates a sequence or “cascade” of molecular events inside the cell that modulate relevant metabolic, nuclear, motile, or other processes. The transmission of an often extracellular receptor binding event into the interior of the cell and its translation int

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