Titlebook: Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics; Arnold Hanslmeier Textbook 20231st edition Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Natu

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978-3-662-64639-7Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023

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History of Astronomy,In this section we give an overview of the history of astronomy.

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Celestial Mechanics,The centuries after Newton were the heyday of celestial mechanics. At first it was about the description of the planetary orbits, soon followed by precise orbital calculations. In 1682,. observed the comet that was later named after him. The last apparition was 1985/1986.

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Astronomical Instruments,Before the light of astronomical objects reaches the Earth’s surface and thus the telescope of an observatory or the receiver (CCD, photoplate, eye), it is exposed to numerous changes:

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The Sun,Our Sun is the only star whose surface we can study in detail due to its proximity. Through space missions are also . measurements possible.

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State Variables of Stars,In this section we discuss the determination of the most important properties or state variables of a star: radius, temperature, mass, density, gravitational acceleration, chemical composition, magnetic field as well as rotation. First, we briefly review the trigonometric distance determination.

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Stellar Atmospheres,The term stellar atmosphere is very broad: In principle, it is understood to mean those layers of a star in which the spectral lines are formed. In our . this essentially occurs in the . (only 400 km thick) but also in Chromosphere and even in the Corona.

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Stellar Structure,In this chapter we cover the main equations describing the structure of a star. Furthermore, we trace the evolution of stars in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

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Stellar Evolution,In principle, there are the following stages in stellar evolution: