Titlebook: Intrauterine Growth Restriction; Aetiology and Manage John Kingdom,Philip Baker Book 2000 Springer-Verlag London Limited 2000 anatomy.birth

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The Uteroplacental Circulation: Extravillous Trophoblastly migratory, proliferative and invasive population of cells that emerge from tips of anchoring villi. Like tumour invasion, trophoblast invasion of the uterus involves attachment of the cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM), degradation of the matrix and subsequent migration through it. However,

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Villous Development and the Pathogenesis of IUGRe initial events in placentation involve the formation of a spheroidal trophoblastic shell that functions as a barrier to the diffusion of oxygen during embryogenesis until the end of the first trimester (see Chs 6,12 and [1]). By contrast the embryonic placental circulation perfuses the placental v

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Growth Factor Regulators of Placental Angiogenesis we discuss the processes of vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and the factors influencing them in the formation of the placental vasculature. Also described are the effects of growth factors on the specialised structures of the mature intermediate and terminal villi, which are the main site of gas excha

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Placental Transfer and Intrauterine Growth Restrictionfer of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, and the elimination of carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes. These functions are self-evidently vital to normal intrauterine development. In postnatal life, disease processes that impair the absorptive and transport functions of the gut and lungs, or th

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Placental Pathology fetal growth rate. Maternal factors include severe pre-eclampsia, cigarette smoking, drug abuse and certain infections, such as malaria, whilst the most obvious fetal factors associated with a low birthweight are congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities. If cases such as these are rem

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Ultrasound Assessmenthen the ultrasound examination was offered to the pregnant population and used for assessing number of fetuses, gestational age, placental localisation, fetal anatomy, and fetal size. The procedure has later been termed “routine ultrasound examination”, but the ethical controversies and the discussi

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Biochemical Markers of Fetoplacental Growth Restrictionwidely practised in developed countries. More recently these maternal serum biochemical markers have been found to be associated with a diverse range of pregnancy complications other than aneuploidy [1]. The single most common cause of intrauterine fetal growth restriction in developed (well-nourish

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Management of Late Gestation lUGR: Induction or Caesarean Section?ntepartum hypoxia and acidaemia will be growth restricted, secondary to placental insufficiency, and many will be SGA. In this group of fetuses, the only widely available treatment is delivery (though see Ch. 16) but the timing of this intervention remains controversial. The Growth Restriction Inter

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Prevention and Treatment of IUGRuld be stressed when reading the literature that there is significant conflict in publications between those based exclusively upon neonatal weight percentiles to diagnose IUGR and those in which antenatal and/or neonatal clinical information is available. In the latter group, low birthweight is mor

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