Titlebook: International Handbook of Peace and Reconciliation; Kathleen Malley-Morrison,Andrea Mercurio,Gabriel T Book 2013 Springer Science+Business

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Andrea Mercurio,James Page,Alyssa Mendlein,Emily Bales,John Davis,Carol Davis,Michael Whitely,Doe Weons reproduce by simple mechanisms, such as mutation or recombination of their genetic sequences, and selection ensures they evolve in the direction of increasing fitness. Although successful in many applications, evolution towards an optimum or high fitness can be extremely slow, and the problem of

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Charikleia Tsatsaroni,Sherri McCarthy,Nebojsa Petrovic,Vlado Miheljak,Marko Polič,Anna Medvedeva,Alerticular, the square root of the Jensen–Shannon divergence, a measure of dissimilarity between two probability distributions, is used to quantify states in the network evolution process by means of their degree distribution. We explore the evolution of the surface air temperature (SAT) climate netwo

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Elizabeth Claggett-Bornecovered PRRs. TLR3, 7, and 8 specifically cater to viral RNA sensing. They can detect dsRNA and stable stem structures of ssRNA. Cytosolic PRRs include RIG-I like receptors (RLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing (NOD)—like receptors (NLR). RLRs are cytosolic helicases which d

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Mathilde Salmberg,Kathryn O’Keefe,Sarah An,Carla Machado,Silja Bara Omarsdottir,Michael Corgan,Mariae nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, viral capsid proteins by the host PRR. TLRs sense these viral PAMPs and induce the antiviral response by inducing the immune active chemokines and cytokines. This chapter focuses on the responses of different TLRs with viral PAMPS, immune responses mediated by TL

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