| 书目名称 | Interdependencies Between Fertility and Women‘s Labour Supply | | 编辑 | Anna Matysiak | | 视频video | | | 概述 | Developing measures of potential work-family tensions imposed by the macro-context.Ranking EU member states according to the conditions for work and family reconciliation.Systematising and assessing t | | 丛书名称 | European Studies of Population | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | .The book explores interlinkages between women’s employment and fertility at both a macro- and a micro-level in EU member states, Norway and Switzerland. Similarly as many other studies on the topic, it refers to the cross-country variation in the macro-context for explaining cross-country differences in women’s labour supply and fertility levels. However, in contrast to other studies, which mainly focus on Western Europe, it extends the discussion to Central and Eastern European countries. Furthermore, it looks at the macro-context from a multi-dimensional perspective, indicating its four dimensions as relevant for fertility and women’s employment choices: economic (living standards), institutional (family policies), structural (labour market structures), and cultural (social norms). A unique feature of the study is the development of indices that measure the intensity of institutional, structural, and cultural incompatibilities between women’s employment and fertility. These indices are used for ranking European countries from the perspective of the country-specific conditions for work and family reconciliation. A country where these conditions are the worst, but where women are | | 出版日期 | Book 2011 | | 关键词 | Age structures; Childbearing; Employment choices; Family; Fertility and women‘s labour supply; Indices th | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1284-3 | | isbn_softcover | 978-94-007-3646-7 | | isbn_ebook | 978-94-007-1284-3Series ISSN 1381-3579 Series E-ISSN 2542-8977 | | issn_series | 1381-3579 | | copyright | Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 |
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Front Matter |
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Abstract
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| 2 |
,Introduction, |
Anna Matysiak |
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Abstract
In the last decades of the twentieth century, Period Total Fertility Rates (TFRs) decreased in almost all industrialised countries, reaching values well below the replacement level. Particularly severe declines were observed in countries of Southern Europe and Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), i.e., that part of Europe. where the transition to low fertility occurred relatively late. Whereas by the end of the 1970s the average TFR in Continental and Northern Europe was around 1.66, in Southern and CEE state-socialist countries it was still at a level slightly above 2.1.. Less than a decade later, the average TFR in Mediterranean countries was already below 1.4, a level the majority of the Northern and Continental European countries had never reached. At that time, fertility in CEE was still relatively high, with the TFR exceeding 1.8 in all of them apart from Slovenia and East Germany.
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,Developments in Fertility and Women’s Labour Supply in Europe, |
Anna Matysiak |
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Abstract
The decline in fertility experienced by the industrialised economies over recent decades was for a long time attributed to the rising labour force participation of women. For instance, the authors of the concept of the second demographic transition ascribe the fall in the propensity to have children to the rising economic autonomy of women and their desire for self-fulfilment, among other things (Van de Kaa, 1988: 17; Lesthaeghe, 1992). The delegates at the UN Population Conference in Sofia in 1983 came to a similar conclusion (UN 1983 after Willekens, 1991).
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,Fertility and Women’s Labour Supply: Theoretical Considerations, |
Anna Matysiak |
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Abstract
In Chapter 2 we demonstrated the complexity of the interdependencies between fertility and women’s labour supply at the macro-level. The data presented suggest that the interrelationship may depend on the incompatibilities between fertility and women’s work which varies across countries, but also on some other country-specific factors. If the mechanism underlying fertility and labour market behaviours is to be understood, the variables governing their relationship, including the intensity of the conflict between the two activities, need to be better explored.
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,Macro-Context and Its Cross-Country Variation, |
Anna Matysiak |
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Abstract
The context is a multi-dimensional and multi-level ‘structure of institutions that embody information about opportunities and restrictions, consequences and expectations, rights and duties, incentives and sanctions, models, guidelines, and definitions of the world’ (de Bruijn, 1999: 21). This information is continuously transmitted to individuals and defines the choice options they face. As described in Chapter 3 four dimensions of the macro-context are considered relevant to women’s fertility and employment decisions: institutional (family policies), structural (labour market structures), cultural (gender norms), and economic (living standards). The first three influence the magnitude of the price effect, producing the so-called institutional, structural and cultural incompatibilities between childbearing and market work. The intensity of these incompatibilities depends on the extent to which mothers’ work is socially accepted and institutionally supported and to which the labour market is prepared to accommodate female labour. The fourth dimension of the context affects the income effect.
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,Macro-context and the Cross-Country Variation in the Micro-level Relationship Between Fertility and |
Anna Matysiak |
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Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that European countries differ strongly in the conditions offered to working parents to combine paid employment and childcare. Our analysis conducted in Chapter 4 demonstrates that in the second half of the 2000s these conditions were undoubtedly best in Scandinavian countries, followed by the Netherlands, Finland, Belgium, the United Kingdom, and France. In such countries as Ireland, Austria, Luxembourg, Estonia, Germany, and Latvia the incompatibilities between women’s employment and childrearing imposed by the macro-context were already stronger. The institutional, structural and cultural environment was found to be least favourable to work and family reconciliation in Southern European countries and remaining former socialist countries, such as Hungary, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Slovakia and Poland. Among them, Poland and Greece displayed extraordinarily high incompatibilities between work and care. Europe is also strongly divided as regards the level of living standards which are better in the West than in the East in the objective as well as subjective terms.
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,Women’s Employment in Post-Socialist Poland: A Barrier or a Pre-condition to Childbearing?, |
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Abstract
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,Conclusions, |
Anna Matysiak |
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Abstract
Our motivation to conduct this study was driven by inevitable and profound changes in the age structure of the population of Europe. These changes are reflected in a decline in the working age population along with an increase in the population of post-productive age and pose a serious threat to the sustainability of social security systems, economic growth, intergenerational relations, and social cohesion. A rise in fertility could undoubtedly help in counteracting the negative consequences of population ageing. One should take into account, however, that even if Europe succeeds in reaching this difficult goal, it will bring desired effects only after the newborns enter the labour force. Hence, policies aimed at facilitating childbearing are not sufficient to alleviate the consequences of demographic change. In this context, an increase in employment rates and a rise in the education level of the labour force seem to be particularly promising.
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Back Matter |
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Abstract
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发表于 2025-3-21 17:14:15
