Titlebook: Intensive Care Fundamentals; Practically Oriented František Duška,Mo Al-Haddad,Maurizio Cecconi Textbook 2023 European Society of Intensive

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Arrhythmiasoring. Arrhythmias are more often a complication that occurs during the ICU stay rather than being the reason for admission to ICU. When reviewing a patient with a new arrhythmia, it is important to assess for reversible factors which may be triggering the arrhythmia (such as hypoxia, hypovolaemia,

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An Approach to the Critically Ill Bleeding Patientpatients complex, but the application of resuscitation strategies developed for other conditions to them can be counterproductive, even deadly..Key principles for the management of acute haemorrhage include identification of the severity of haemorrhage; selection of tools to identify bleeding source

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Analgesia and Sedation pain and anxiety. Because most ICU patients are unable to self-report pain, a systematic regular assessment is needed using observational tools such as the behavioural pain scale. Pain is then treated by starting with non-pharmacological means and if necessary escalated into a multimodal pharmacolo

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Agitation and Deliriumctive forms of delirium are difficult to recognise. There is no preventive medication, but very effective are non-pharmacologic measures such as early mobilisation and cognitive stimulation. In acute delirium, the underlying cause should be considered first. Antipsychotics such as haloperidol or que

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Agitation and Deliriumtiapine can be used to control hyperactive delirium. Benzodiazepines are preferred to treat alcohol withdrawal or as a last-resort therapy to avoid the need of physical restraints. Acute agitation can be life threatening if the underlying cause is missed or if vital functions are not adequately monitored after the application of sedatives.

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Identification and Initial Stabilization of Acutely Deteriorated Patientst. However, with severe illness and disability, sometimes adaptation is required to assess and treat the patient quickly. In this chapter, we will cover one of the most common algorithms in the triage and evaluation of critical patients—the ABCDEF approach. By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

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Interpreting Blood Gas Analysis(e.g. lactate 5 mM and base excess −5 mM = lactic acidosis). In ICU patients, combined acid-base disorders are common and therefore, more detailed analysis is needed to decipher the disorder. There are many approaches to acid-base analysis, but here we describe a simplified base-excess partitioning method.

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