Titlebook: Integration of Ecosystem Theories: A Pattern; Sven Erik Jørgensen Book 1997Latest edition Kluwer Academic Publishers 1997 development.ecol

串通

Utility Theory, Indirect Effect and Ascendancy,/or information. The application of the network representation makes it possible to survey the total system in its entirety and thereby to observe how the various parts of the system may be influenced by changes in inputs and outputs (see Chapter 7 (‘Networks in ecology’)). The obvious next step wou

消毒

Catastrophe Theory and Ecology, governed by a scalar potential function and dependent on up to five external variables, changes in the equilibrium values of state variables for slow changes in the parameters (caused by the forcing functions). The system can be modelled by one of seven canonical functions. These functions can be a

achlorhydria

Chaos, Fractals and Ecology,ystems has been named ‘chaos’. It is a science of the global nature of systems and it has brought together scientists from fields that had been widely separated. It makes strong claims about the universal behaviour of complexity. It occurs in mechanical oscillators such as pendular or vibrating obje

Medley

Ejaculate

可卡

荣幸

A Tentative Pattern of Ecosystem Theories,stem theories presented in this volume. It is, on the other hand, necessary to try to unite the theories and examine them for contradictions or to try to see if they form a pattern that can be used to give a better understanding of the nature of ecosystems and to solve global environmental problems.

engrossed

Epilogue,that this volume shows that we cannot do without either approach. Similarly, we cannot do without the many ecosystem theories presented in this volume, because they all contribute to a better understanding of the system properties. They are only in opposition to each other on a few points and form a

改变立场

Catastrophe Theory and Ecology,Poston and Stewart (1978); a complete list of catastrophe functions can also be found in this refer-ence. The theory has been applied in several fields including social sciences, medicine, ecology and economy (Zeeman 1978; Poston and Stewart 1978; Kempf 1980; Loehle 1989)

excrete

Models in Ecology,e obtain a more comprehensive overall picture of the ecosystem, because we can, as discussed in Chapters 1 and 2, only cover our observations completely by the use of a pluralistic view. Modelling is a very useful tool in our effort to achieve the best possible such view.