Titlebook: Inside the Bundesbank; Stephen F. Frowen (Honorary Research Fellow, forme Book 1998 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers

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ems. The goal of optimization methods is to find an optimal or near-optimal solution with low computational effort. The effort of an optimization method can be measured as the time (computation time) and space (computer memory) that is consumed by the method. For many optimization methods, and espec

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Bundesbank Independence, Organisation and Decision-Making,00 years of German central banking. During this period the German currency broke down twice under the impact of war, inflation and the monetary disturbances following two lost world wars. These traumatic experiences left a characteristic imprint on German thinking in the field of central banking and

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German Monetary Unification: Domestic and External Issues,The Deutsche Mark became the sole legal tender in both German states and responsibility for domestic and external monetary policy in the extended Deutsche Mark area devolved on the Deutsche Bundesbank. The State Treaty on which probably the largest currency transaction in history was based had been

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Monetary Policy: Targets and Instruments,the Deutsche Mark has appreciated strongly in the foreign exchange markets and has become the anchor currency in the EMS. This has owed much to the monetary policy of the Bundesbank, which is based on a clear statutory stability mandate, an independent status and a convincing monetary policy strateg

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German Unification: A Personal View,ocial union, both sides had assumed a step-by-step adjustment by East Germany, with the economic shock being cushioned by an appropriate exchange rate policy, and support from Bonn. Indeed, on the very day of the offer, when the heads of the Bundesbank and the GDR’s National Bank (Staatsbank) were m