| 书目名称 | Insects and Diseases of Mediterranean Forest Systems | | 编辑 | Timothy D. Paine,Francois Lieutier | | 视频video | | | 概述 | Mediterranean forest systems are common to 5 continents but are also distinct from temperate forests. They share common features of climate and, consequently, the plant communities are analogous but u | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | .Insect and disease issues are often specific to the Mediterranean forest systems rather than shared with the temperate forests. In addition to the specific native insects and diseases, the forests are subject to the invasion of exotic species. The forests are also at risk from high degrees of human activity, including changing patterns of forest fires, land management activities, intensive plantation forestry using introduced timber species from other Mediterranean climate zones, and atmospheric deposition. Combined with elements of global climate change that may disproportionately affect Mediterranean climate systems, this creates a number of significant management issues that are unique to the Mediterranean forests. It is our goal that the information contained in this volume will contribute to understanding the unique aspects of Mediterranean forest systems and to protecting these critical resources.. | | 出版日期 | Book 2016 | | 关键词 | Mediterranean ecosystems; forest entomology; forest pathology; invasive species; plantation forests; Fore | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24744-1 | | isbn_softcover | 978-3-319-79671-0 | | isbn_ebook | 978-3-319-24744-1 | | copyright | Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 |
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Front Matter |
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Abstract
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| 2 |
,Introduction, |
Timothy D. Paine,François Lieutier |
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Abstract
Mediterranean climates are characterized by mild wet winters and warm dry summer conditions. They can be found around the Mediterranean Sea and on portions of the southwest coasts of North America, South America, Australia, and Africa. All of the Mediterranean climate zones have been recognized as centers of endemism and members of the specialized communities may be at significant risk of extinction. The plant communities in regions have converged on similar dense evergreen sclerophyllous vegetation types. The insect and disease issues are often specific to the Mediterranean forest systems rather than shared with the temperate forests. In addition to the specific native insects and diseases, the forests are also subject to the invasion of exotic species. The forests are also at risk from high degrees of human activity, including changing patterns of forest fires, land management activities, intensive plantation forestry using introduced timber species from other Mediterranean climate zones, and atmospheric deposition. Combined with elements of global climate change that may disproportionately affect Mediterranean climate systems, this creates a number of significant management issu
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,Introduction to Mediterranean Forest Systems: Mediterranean Basin, |
François Lefèvre,Bruno Fady |
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Abstract
All around the Mediterranean, forest systems have been shaped by long-term anthropogenic impacts. Today, they provide multiple goods and services. We show how the social-ecological system approach offers a good framework to understand their biodiversity, functioning and dynamics. Mediterranean forests have a huge biodiversity, not only in terms of the number of species but also in terms of within-species genetic diversity (at least tree species). We present a tentative typology of Mediterranean forests regarding this biodiversity. Then, we explain how the dynamics of Mediterranean forests is driven in particular by a combination of three characteristics: specific environmental constraints (mainly summer water deficit), a marked spatial heterogeneity of the environment at all scales, disturbance regime (e.g. fire, droughts, pest attacks, human pressure) of variable intensity and frequency. The future challenges for the Mediterranean forests will be to respond simultaneously to: (i) increased threats related to climate change and human pressure, (ii) new demand for multiple ecosystem services locally, (iii) emerging interest for Mediterranean resources to support adaptive strategies
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,Defoliators in Native Insect Systems of the Mediterranean Basin, |
Andrea Battisti,Manuela Branco,Zvi Mendel |
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Abstract
Native defoliating insects have been considered a threat to the forests since ancient time because of their periodic demographic explosions that have worried generations of forest managers and the public in general. Although trees generally recover from such defoliations in a relatively short time, both positive and negative consequences on growth and ecological functions of the forests have been documented. Damage by native defoliators is frequently inflicted whenever native tree species have been used for plantations, often outside of their natural range. Under such conditions the natural population regulation mechanisms, which are known to operate in pristine habitats, become less efficient or they simply need time before being established.We selected three major forest types to represent the importance and the role of native defoliators in the Mediterranean forests: pines, oaks, and poplars and willows. For each type we provide information about taxonomic traits, guild traits, economic damage, ecological impact, impact on humans, insect-plant interactions, insect-enemies interactions, outbreak dynamics, climate change, and management. Additional information for a few species ty
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,Native Fruit, Cone and Seed Insects in the Mediterranean Basin, |
Thomas Boivin,Marie-Anne Auger-Rozenberg |
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Abstract
Tree reproductive structures represent both an extremely rich source of food and breeding sites for many insect species, which are considered the most important seed predators during the pre-dispersal phase of seed development. In the Mediterranean Basin, a total of 99 native species, distributed among 47 genera, 21 families and 5 orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera), are currently known to colonize the fruiting structures of both angiosperms and gymnosperms. Such entomofauna displays a particularly high level of endemism. Species can be included in different guilds, depending on whether they feed or develop only in the fruit (including the seeds) or if they can also feed or develop in other habitats (e.g. foliage, shoots and twigs, cone-bearing shoots, bark) when fruits are unavailable. Specialist and generalist insect species have developed diverse ecological strategies to exploit this particular kind of resource, which, unlike other parts of the plant such as leaves, can display important spatio-temporal variations in abundance. Additionally to direct consumption, insect attacks can lead to fruit abortion or facilitated introduction of microbes an
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,Native Sap-Sucker Insects in the Mediterranean Basin, |
Aurélien Sallé,Andrea Battisti |
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Abstract
Several native species of aphids, coccids and bugs can affect trees in the Mediterranean Basin. The prominent species on broadleaved trees are Phylloxera quercus and Kermes vermilio for evergreen oaks, and Phloeomyzus passerinii for poplars. On conifers, Haematoloma dorsatum and three species of Leucaspis could be considered as pine pests. Most of these species are occasional pests. They generally affect the vigour of their host tree by consuming host resources. In addition, resources may be further depleted by indirect effects, resulting from a reduced photosynthesis due to sooty molds development and early leaf fall. These insects can also cause significant aesthetic damage for ornamental trees. Phloeomyzus passerinii however can be considered as a primary pest killing mature poplar stands during outbreaks, probably through dramatic modifications of resources allocations within their host trees. The economical impact of most of these species has increased recently, and some of them have spread northwardly, while they were previously restricted to the Mediterranean Basin. Climate change and/or changes in silvicultural practices could explain these recent modifications of geographi
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,Bark Beetles of Mediterranean Conifers, |
François Lieutier,Zvi Mendel,Massimo Faccoli |
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Abstract
Bark beetles of conifer trees in the Mediterranean basin play a relevant ecological and economic role in forest ecosystem functioning. Their activity often reflects the health conditions of the stands, while some species may become tree killers causing large outbreaks. Making the first impact toward wood decomposition, they are crucial components of the trophic nets. This group is extremely diversified, in relation to a wide variety of host tree species and displays a high level of endemism. The particular behavioral, biological and demographic traits of the species are largely the outcome of typical climate of the Mediterranean basin and the long history of human activity in the region. Much less knowledge has however been accumulated on these species than on those of temperate and boreal forest ecosystems; many gaps still exist, even regarding basic biology of many of the species and their common associates. This chapter is a synthetic presentation of the present knowledge of different aspects of biology, ecology, population dynamics, and management of conifer bark beetles in the Mediterranean basin, while underlying the essential information still missing. The particularities an
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,Native Buprestid and Longhorn Beetles in the Mediterranean Basin, |
Aurélien Sallé |
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Abstract
The prominent buprestid and longhorn beetles damaging trees in the Mediterranean Basin are Cerambyx welensii, Prinobius myardi and Cerambyx cerdo, especially C. cerdo mirbeckii, for the Cerambycidae, and Coraebus florentinus, Coraebus undatus and Trachypteris picta for the Buprestidae. Most of them are considered as secondary pests, colonizing the trunk or branches of weakened trees, especially evergreen oaks. Coraebus florentinus, C. undatus and C. welensii may also colonize vigorous trees. By promoting infection by pathogens through their emergence holes or affecting sap conduction, most of these species can play an important role as inciting factors during forest declines. In this regard, their ecological and economical importance is likely to grow in the future. Nonetheless relatively few studies have been conducted on their ecology, and interactions with their host trees, but recent investigations have highlighted various aspects of their population dynamics and chemical ecology.
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,Foliage Feeding Invasive Insects: Defoliators and Gall Makers, |
Manuela Branco,Andrea Battisti,Zvi Mendel |
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Abstract
In this chapter we concentrate on the main invasive species which feed on the foliage, by consuming leaves or inducing galls, and which affect both native and non-native tree species. We provide details on their biology, invasion routes, host tree species, damage to native and non-native trees and control strategies.
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,Invasive Fruit, Cone and Seed Insects in the Mediterranean Basin, |
Marie-Anne Auger-Rozenberg,Thomas Boivin |
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Abstract
Invasive fruit, cone and seed insects are considered the most important predators of tree seeds during the pre-dispersal phase of development. Although some species benefited from historical human movements across the Mediterranean Basin, the accelerating rate of international trade, travel and transport of wood products, including seeds, during the latter half of the twentieth century has increased the introduction of alien fruit, cone and seed insects in this area. The combination of almost inexistent phytosanitary regulations of tree seed trades and species biological characteristics favouring human-aided dispersal had a key role in successful invasions of Mediterranean forest ecosystems. Invasions may affect plant populations through increased direct trophic interactions such as seed parasitism and destruction, which can result in more complex indirect effects on natural regeneration processes. Many of the trees cone and seed insects feed upon have also been introduced by humans, but introduced insect species also may switch to native tree species congeneric to their original host and are then likely to interact with native seed feeders. In this chapter, we gathered current kno
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,Invasive Sap-Sucker Insects in the Mediterranean Basin, |
Zvi Mendel,Manuela Branco,Andrea Battisti |
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Abstract
The chapter provides information on 15 species of invasive sacking insects on forest trees in the Mediterranean basin. Four Psyllids and one Thaumastocorid bug develop on . spp. and are native to Australia, although all of them possibly arrived in the Mediterranean area via South America. Among the five . spp. those which develop on cedar trees spread inside the Mediterranean area, two of the aphids are North American species and one is probably from China. The discussed scale insects, two . spp. and . extent their range inside the Mediterranean basin. Finally, we report on two tingid species (. spp.) both originate from North America. We review their biology, the injury they inflect, their spread, as well as their natural enemies and the required management.
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,Alien Wood-Boring Beetles in Mediterranean Regions, |
Davide Rassati,François Lieutier,Massimo Faccoli |
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Abstract
The suitable climate and the high diversity of woody plants and ecological conditions characterizing the Mediterranean regions have favored the establishment of several alien species in the Mediterranean Basin during the last decades. Among them, the vast majority is represented by wood-boring beetles, which can be easily transported between continents within all kinds of woody materials. Up to now, 34 alien wood-boring beetles are recorded as established in Mediterranean countries, and the bulk of them is represented by Scolytinae and Cerambycidae. Italy, France and Spain report the highest number of established alien species. Besides giving an overview of their origin, introduction pathways, biology and distribution in the Mediterranean Basin, we discuss the potential impact of these insects in the invaded environment, the survey and early-detection protocols, the main ecological processes driving their establishment and spread, and how climate change could affect their invasion process in the near future.
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,The Pine Wood Nematode and Its Local Vectors in the Mediterranean Basin, |
Pedro Naves,Luis Bonifácio,Edmundo de Sousa |
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Abstract
The pine wood nematode . is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, being one of the most important threats to conifer forests in the EU. This exotic nematode was detected in Southern Portugal in 1999, and has since been introduced into neighbouring Spain. In Iberia, the nematode affects mainly maritime pine, ., but also black pine ., being its single vector the pine sawyer .. In general, the entire Mediterranean basin presents a high risk to pine wilt disease, due to favourable climatic environments with prolonged periods of hot and dry conditions, the existence of forests with susceptible pine species such as maritime, black and scots pine, and the presence of multiple potential vectors of native species of the . genus, sharing similar biologies and life-histories. Besides ., special attention should be given to ., a similar species with widespread distribution in Europe, and already found to be a key-vector of the related native nematode, .. This chapter summarises the latest research on the ecology of European . and their interaction with . nematodes, with a natural emphasis on the PWN’s vector, .. Also discussed are the options available to manage and control this tree health p
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,Invasive Insects in the Mediterranean Forests of Chile, |
Sergio A. Estay |
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Abstract
The Mediterranean ecosystem of Chile comprises the most populated region of the country as well as the most important passageways for international trade. This has caused the rate of introductions of exotic insects to be the highest of the country. As a consequence, it has been observed an increasing number of exotic insects currently being established in three different situations: natural forests, commercial forest plantations and urban trees..In natural forests, the most serious threat is the invasion of ., causing severe damage on the endangered native Cupressaceae, . Apart from this case, records of exotic insects attacking native trees are scarce. On the other hand, forest plantations of exotic species, mainly . and .., have been affected for several insect invasions in the last years. These new invasions represent a challenge for the Chilean forest industry, making necessary the adoption of new silvicultural techniques and sanitary protocols for exporting wood products. Besides commercial plantations, insect invasions are also taking place in urban areas: poplars, elms and other ornamental trees have undergone the introduction of several exotic insects. The effect of this pe
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,Insects and Diseases of Mediterranean Forests: A South African Perspective, |
Jeff Garnas,Brett Hurley,Bernard Slippers,Michael J. Wingfield,Jolanda Roux |
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Abstract
The Mediterranean climate zone (MCZ) covers approximately 94,000 km. along the southern and western tip of South Africa. Roughly coinciding with the Cape Floristic Province encompassing Fynbos, Renosterveld and Succulent Karoo biomes, the area has very few native forests. Most occur in sparse patches on south-facing slopes and in a few areas of contiguous Afromontane forest. Plantations in this region, as well as the pests and diseases that damage them, comprise primarily exotic species in the genera . and Australian . (wattle), both as planted crops and as wilding escapes. At least 22 of 43 insect pests are present on plantation trees in South Africa and 16 of 33 pathogens are present in the MCZ, some causing serious damage. A small number have also been intentionally introduced for biological control of invasive wattles. This chapter summarizes current knowledge on the insects and pathogens of . and Australian . in the MCZ South Africa. Special attention is given to examples where the biology, life history or expression of damage or disease differs from the summer rainfall areas of the country.
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,Native Defoliators of Australian Mediterranean Forest Trees, |
Martin J. Steinbauer,Helen F. Nahrung |
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Abstract
Eucalypts (., . and .), as native stands and as plantations, dominate the two Mediterranean forest regions of Australia. These two geographically separated regions – south-western Australia, and areas of South Australia, including the Green Triangle region around the southern South Australian/Victorian border – have likewise largely separate native insect species, in spite of a common, albeit non-endemic, resource (. plantations). Almost half a million hectares of . and around 300,000 ha of softwoods is planted in Mediterranean Australia. Native defoliators have been largely unproblematic in pine plantations, but many have achieved significant pest status in hardwood plantations. Defoliators in native forest are less well-known, but there are several examples of species that have been studied in detail. Eucalypts typically receive (and tolerate) relatively high levels of defoliation, and have a diverse array of phytophagous insect fauna from several Orders (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Orthoptera) feeding on their foliage, despite it being sclerophyllous and high in plant secondary compounds. Here, we provide an overview of the endemic folivores of Mediterran
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,Native Phloem and Wood Borers in Australian Mediterranean Forest Trees, |
Simon A. Lawson,Valerie J. Debuse |
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Abstract
Native Mediterranean forests in Australia are dominated by two tree genera, . and ., while . and . dominate plantation forestry. In native forests, there is a high diversity of phloem and wood borers across several families in the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. In the Coleoptera, cerambycid beetles (Cerambycidae), jewel beetles (Buprestidae), bark, ambrosia and pinhole beetles (Curculionidae) and pinworms (Lymexelidae) are some of the most commonly found beetles attacking eucalypts and acacias. In the Lepidoptera, wood moths (Cossidae), ghost moths (Hepialidae) and borers in the Xyloryctidae (subfamily Xyloryctinae) are most common. In contrast to native forests, there is a much more limited range of native insects present in Australian plantations, particularly in exotic . spp. plantations, although eucalypt plantations do share some borers in common with native forests. This chapter reviews the importance of these borers in Australian forests primarily from an economic perspective (i.e. those species that cause damage to commercial tree species) and highlights a paucity of native forest species that commonly kill trees relative to the large scales regularly seen in North America and
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,Invasive Insects in Mediterranean Forest Systems: Australia, |
Helen F. Nahrung,Andrew D. Loch,Mamoru Matsuki |
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Abstract
The Mediterranean forest regions of Australia predominantly comprise native mallee scrub, eucalypt woodlands, exotic . plantations, and commercial eucalypt plantations. Native forests have, so far, remained largely free of invasive exotic insects. The exotic pines, however, have five well-established and significant invasive pest insects: the bark beetles ., ., and . (Coleoptera: Curculiondae), Monterey pine aphid, . (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and Sirex woodwasp, . (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), with the latter not yet present in Western Australia (WA). The exotic giant pine scale, . (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), was recently detected on pines in Adelaide and Melbourne and is under an eradication program. Many of the established pest species have had classical biological control programs implemented. European house borer, . (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a pest of untreated softwood, is established in areas around Perth, WA, and has been found in dead and live trees, as well as untreated timber. African black beetle, . (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is a major exotic agricultural and forestry pest in wetter parts of the Mediterranean forest regions in WA, where it was first recorded in 1938. Several
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,Native Bark Beetles and Wood Borers in Mediterranean Forests of California, |
Christopher J. Fettig |
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Abstract
Several species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), and to a much lesser extent wood borers (primarily Coleoptera: Buprestidae and Cerambycidae), are capable of causing conifer mortality in Mediterranean forests of California, U.S. This mortality is an important part of the ecology of these ecosystems, but the economic and social implications can be significant when outbreaks occur. I review the ecology, impact and management of the more notable species, including western pine beetle, . LeConte, mountain pine beetle, . Hopkins, Jeffrey pine beetle, . Hopkins, red turpentine beetle, . LeConte, California fivespined ips, . Lanier, pine engraver, . (Say), pinyon ips, . LeConte, fir engraver, . LeConte, cedar bark beetles, . spp., and several wood borers.
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,Native Diseases of California Mediterranean Forest Angiosperms, |
A. James Downer |
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Abstract
Disease is an interaction with host plants and their environment and a biotic agent (pathogen) which changes host physiology resulting in symptoms of changes in growth, reproduction or longevity. While the pathogenic agent can be in the form of bacteria, mollicute, nematode, parasitic algae, parasitic seed plant, virus, or fungus, not all of these agents result in the formation of diseases that significantly limit populations of woody plants. Fungi are dominant pathogens of Mediterranean Forests. Fungi cause disease in all parts of woody plants but their impact can be summarized by examining the disease they cause in the major organs of trees. This chapter discusses important diseases of the foliage, shoots, periderm (cankers) and woody systems (main stem) and root systems of trees. In each section, a detailed description of the disease category is given along with descriptions of symptoms, diagnostics and etiology of the pathogens. Each disease category is accompanied by an introductory section that reviews environmental conditions that facilitate disease development. Adaptations of fungi to the Mediterranean climate of California are mentioned throughout the chapter.
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发表于 2025-3-21 16:36:21
