Titlebook: Information Retrieval; 8th Russian Summer S Pavel Braslavski,Nikolay Karpov,Dmitry I. Ignatov Textbook 2015 Springer International Publishi

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itions, where the performance or response is assumed to reflect one or more latent variables. A test consists of a set of items. Conventional test scoring assigns a priori scores to test takers’ item responses, and a test taker’s observed test score is the sum of his (her) item scores. Test scores a