Titlebook: Ice Mechanics for Geophysical and Civil Engineering Applications; Ryszard Staroszczyk Book 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 Polar

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Sea Ice in Geophysical Applications,f interacting ice floes and driven by wind drag and ocean current stresses is investigated. The behaviour of the pack is analysed by treating the ice cover as a two-dimensional continuum of horizontal dimensions of the order of tens to hundreds kilometres, with local properties defined by the ice th

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Micro-mechanical Models for Polar Ice,n some assumptions regarding the anisotropic properties of an individual ice crystal and its microscopic deformation, frame-indifferent constitutive laws for creep response of the crystal are formulated. By applying homogenization methods, the microscopic laws are then used to derive the macroscopic

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Phenomenological Constitutive Models for Polar Ice, ice is determined solely in terms of the macroscopic stress, strain-rate, and deformation. The microscopic mechanism of re-orientation of individual crystals during the deformation of ice is also accounted for in order to model the evolution of the internal structure of the material. General forms

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ards a specific lineage. Therefore, in this chapter, we discuss the application of dynamic conditions for the expansion and differentiation of stem cells. Consequently, a comprehensive overview of commercially available bioreactors for the expansion and differentiation of stem cells is presented.

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Ryszard Staroszczykerates, and redifferentiates. The physical role of the glia in guiding axon regeneration and the role of neurotrophins that communicate via paracrine receptor-mediated signals are considered. Bioengineering strategies are also considered, with innovations in biomaterial scaffolds as medical devices

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