Titlebook: Hyperparathyroidism; A Clinical Casebook Ann E. Kearns,Robert A. Wermers Book 2016 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research 2016

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Parathyroid Surgery in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1, that should involve the input of experienced endocrine surgeons and endocrinologists. Alternative strategies such as alcohol ablation and cinacalcet administration may be warranted in some of these patients.

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Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Children and Adolescents,ent decrease in the sensitivity of the parathyroid adenoma to negative feedback by calcium in young patients. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment in pediatric patients, preferably performed by a high-volume surgeon with experience in pediatric endocrine surgery.

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Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Pregnancy,idectomy (ideally in the second trimester) is often performed to prevent associated risks. If surgery is not performed during pregnancy, neonates should have their serum calcium monitored, with awareness that hypoparathyroidism may not be present in the immediate postpartum period.

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Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Association with Coexistent Secondary Causes of Hypercalcemia,hyperparathyroidism. If the workup shows no evident physiological causes to explain the hyperparathyroidism, then it is reasonable to assume that other coexisting causes of hypercalcemia must be present and to evaluate for these.

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Nephrolithiasis in Primary Hyperparathyroidism,hyroid hormone (PTH) should be tested in stone formers with hypercalcemia. Among patients diagnosed with PHPT, a history of clinical stone events and/or the presence of radiologic stones is an indication for parathyroidectomy.

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Localization Considerations in Persistent Primary Hyperparathyroidism,eoperation, preoperative localization is important and often requires a combination of studies including a parathyroid scan, neck ultrasound, four-dimensional computed tomography, fine-needle aspiration of suspected parathyroid lesions with parathyroid hormone (PTH) washout, and selective PTH venous sampling.