Titlebook: Human Physical Fitness and Activity; An Evolutionary and Ann E. Caldwell Book 2016 The Author(s) 2016 Evolution of physical activity behav

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has experienced an even approximately compa­ rable advance in the past two decades. It is therefore not surprising that the formerly dominant barbiturates and bromocarbamides have had to give way in many fields to the benzodiazepines, which now rank first (Proudfoot and Park [1828]). Closely linked

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has experienced an even approximately compa­ rable advance in the past two decades. It is therefore not surprising that the formerly dominant barbiturates and bromocarbamides have had to give way in many fields to the benzodiazepines, which now rank first (Proudfoot and Park [1828]). Closely linked

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Advantages of Evolutionary Theory for Understanding Physical Activitynalyses that would not naturally be integrated from existing theoretical perspectives. This approach is particularly informative for traits or behaviors such as physical activity that are influenced by numerous environmental, psychological, and physiological factors that have likely been shaped by n

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Physical Activity and Life History Theoryty. LHT proposes that humans, like other species, face trade-offs in how to optimally allocate the limited resources of time and energy among growth, reproduction, and maintenance (i.e., immune function, survival, longevity). Optimal allocation between these demands is expected to depend on individu

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Phylogeny and Life History Patterns to similarities and differences in traits and behaviors over evolutionary time. This chapter focuses on unique morphological, physiological, and metabolic adaptations that influence energy expenditure and physical activity in humans compared to other primates and mammals. Next, it examines the evol

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Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure in Humansl activity and energy expenditure across studies. Next, what is known about energy expenditure and physical activity in humans and other primates is briefly summarized. Overall, humans exhibit a wide range of physical activity levels (PALs) across different ecologies and modes of resource acquisitio

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Energy Costs and Benefits During Fetal Development and Infancymaintaining tissue. This stage is important to consider because several lines of research, summarized here, suggest that experiencing energetic stress and poor nutrition in utero and early in life, indexed by low birth weight and growth early in life, is associated with increased risks of cardiovasc

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