Titlebook: How Liberal Democracies Defend Their Cyber Networks from Hackers; Strategies of Deterr Nori Katagiri Book 2024 The Editor(s) (if applicable

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Conclusion,cratic states. Second, I examine one of the financial technologies that are most relevant to hacking—virtual currencies—to show how the blockchain technology has complicated the effort of democratic states to deal with groups that use them often, including ransomware groups. Finally, I offer a set of policy implications for democratic states.

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Introduction,have the effects of relatively empowering hacking groups that are part of or sponsored by authoritarian states. Finally, the search for strategic options for democratic states to manage the impact of strategic asymmetry presents two additional strategies to consider—offensive cyber operations and active defense strategy.

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Why Hard Measures Are Just Too Hard: Strategy of Punishment Through Offensive Cyber Operations, escalation and how voters and firms address their vulnerabilities to retaliation. Finally, I will discuss why cyber punishment has limited effects as a deterrent even though it does present some benefits for democratic states.

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