Titlebook: Hooligans, Ultras, Activists; Polish Football Fand Radosław Kossakowski Book 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under ex

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56607-4football fandom; fan culture; Eastern European football; supporter groups; post-Communism

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History of Polish Fandom: Communism, Post-Transformation Violence and the Division of Functions,nings of organized activity of supporters date back to the 1970s. At that time, football fans were cut off from foreign influences, and communist authorities tried to control all their activities, for example by running official ‘fan clubs’. However, fans quickly began to spontaneously organize outs

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Professional Fights, Pacts and Ways of Conduct: The Hermetic World of Polish Hooligans,professionalized and focused on their own activity. Many hooligans engage in arranged fights which take place away from the stadiums without any incidental bystanders. Over time, the rules of hooligan fights have been subject to evolution and regulation. Although one of the main rules is a ban on th

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,Legal Restrictions and Recurrence of Fans’ Resistance Identity,ed the first law after 1989 which aimed to tackle stadium violence. However, in the first years of the Law on the Safety of Mass Events the fan community did not become subject to significant restrictions as the new regulations were not enforced. The situation began to change at the turn of the cent

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,Fandom and Identity: From Individual Engagement to the Meaning of ‘We’, in the ‘symbolic universe’ of the club, which is the basic platform of fan identity. Becoming a fan means going through successive stages of legitimation, leading to unconditional commitment to supporting the club. This process seems to be completed when respondents describe their attitude to the c

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