Titlebook: History of the IMF; Organization, Policy Kazuhiko Yago,Yoshio Asai,Masanao Itoh Book 2015 Springer Japan 2015 Bretton Woods.IMF.Internation

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The IMF and Germany: Currency Crisis and Exchange Rate Policyom the 1950s through the start of the 1960s. During this period, Germany rapidly advanced liberalization of trade and foreign exchange as it accumulated gold and foreign reserve through its current account surplus. Despite the fact that Germany had joined the IMF in August 1952, since by that point

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The IMF and Italy: Trade Liberalization and Return to Convertibilityncy with the major European nations in 1958. In this period, Italy participated in the Bretton Woods system and the European integration process. In this chapter, we will review how the Bretton Woods system infected and restricted the economic policy management of the member countries by examining t

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The IMF and Canada: From Floating to Fixed Exchange Ratestries sought to establish or maintain fixed exchange rates in the 1950s, the Canadian government placed the Canadian dollar under a flexible exchange rate regime. Canada began using a flexible rate in September 1950 and returned to a fixed rate in May 1962.

使乳化

Japan’s Participation in the IMF and Settlement of Its Prewar Foreign Debtarkets, as the balance of Japanese external bonds issued peaked in 1930 at JPY2,268 million, accounting for about 15 % of Japan’s estimated GNP. But Japan’s access to raising such bonds was closed off by the Great Depression and the collapse of the international gold standard. After the end of World

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China and the International Monetary Fund 1945–1985e first three decades of the IMF’s operations. Chinese officials, government ministers and bankers were prominent at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, enjoying the support of the Allied powers while the Japanese war still raged. During the early years of the Fund’s operations, the civil war in C

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