| 书目名称 | History of Science, History of Text | | 编辑 | Karine Chemla | | 视频video | | | 丛书名称 | Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | two main (interacting) ways. They constitute that with which exploration into problems or questions is carried out. But they also constitute that which is exchanged between scholars or, in other terms, that which is shaped by one (or by some) for use by others. In these various dimensions, texts obviously depend on the means and technologies available for producing, reproducing, using and organizing writings. In this regard, the contribution of a history of text is essential in helping us approach the various historical contexts from which our sources originate. However, there is more to it. While shaping texts as texts, the practitioners of the sciences may create new textual resources that intimately relate to the research carried on. One may think, for instance, of the process of introduction of formulas in mathematical texts. This aspect opens up a wholerangeofextremelyinterestingquestionstowhichwewillreturnatalaterpoint.But practitioners of the sciences also rely on texts producedby themselves or others, which they bring into play in various ways. More generally, they make use of textual resources of every kind that is available to them, reshaping them, restricting, or enlargi | | 出版日期 | Book 2005 | | 关键词 | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; History of Mathematics; antiquity; discourse; science; seventeenth century | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2321-9 | | isbn_softcover | 978-90-481-6636-7 | | isbn_ebook | 978-1-4020-2321-7Series ISSN 0068-0346 Series E-ISSN 2214-7942 | | issn_series | 0068-0346 | | copyright | Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2005 |
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Front Matter |
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Abstract
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Spatial Organization of Ancient Chinese Texts (Preliminary Remarks) |
Vera Dorofeeva-Lichtmann |
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Abstract
Ancient Chinese texts provide some striking examples of what may be referred to as non-linear textual structures. These peculiar textual structures differ markedly from texts organized in a linear way, that is, those whose constituent elements (chapters, paragraphs, phrases etc.) are connected like links in a chain. The constituent elements of these non-linear textual structures, in contrast, are related in complex multi-dimensional ways. These relationships are like those found between the units of a scheme (or diagram, map, table, chart, design, sketch, picture, etc.), that is, a class of graphic representations designated in the Chinese language by the character .. This implies that the interconnections between the constituent elements of the textual structures in question are manifested through appropriate non-linear layouts corresponding to a specific .. Under these circumstances a text serves a dual function, that of description and graphic representation. In order to highlight the complementary facets of this textual type, I propose to define it as a .. This paper is primarily concerned with texts whose structures emulate ancient Chinese models of space, the latter character
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Leibniz and the Use of Manuscripts: |
Eberhard Knobloch |
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Abstract
Text played a crucial role in Leibniz’s scientific thinking. This article describes four aspects of this interrelation. First of all, text served the art of invention. Tables, illustrations, and figures enabled Leibniz to find rules, laws, and regularities. This will be shown by means of examples taken from additive number theory and combinatorics. Secondly, text served the purpose of visualization of thoughts, theorems, and proofs. The examples concern the theory of prime numbers and of infinite series. Thirdly, Leibniz used text to fix certain results and insights, to detect errors, to elaborate treatises, and to generalize theories. These practices are illustrated by his studies on symmetric functions, on life annuities, on elimination theory, on conic sections, and on financial mathematics. Finally, Leibniz’s texts reflect his monologues or dialogues with fictitious interlocutors, in other words his argumentation.
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: The Production of Cultural Authority |
Michael Cahn |
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Abstract
This essay argues for a more reflexive understanding of collected works in the history of science, and the history of the book more broadly. It touches upon a large number of cases, which show that the significance of collected editions is not understood when they are considered purely as purveyors of editorially purified texts. They can be monuments of national pride, an attempt by a publisher or editor to increase his status, or typographical reference objects. By introducing the juxtaposition of opera and opuscula the paper also argues that the special status of collected works is best understood as a phenomenon of post-Gutenberg print culture.
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Writing Works: A Reaction to Michael Cahn’s Paper |
Hans-Jörg Rheinberger |
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Abstract
Taking up and expanding on the topic of Michael Cahn’s essay, this paper presents some observations on scientists’ editions of their collected works. These editions span the time from the second half of the eighteenth to the first half of the twentieth century. The main focus is on the practice of claiming literary and scientific authority by editing one’s collected works during one’s own lifetime. The paper begins by briefly describing the collected works of Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis and Charles Bonnet. The central section is devoted to Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon’s Natural History. Buffon’s work is taken as an example not only of ., but of . collected works. Buffon’s edited works had a long history of being expanded after their author’s death. At the end, two examples of early twentieth-century collections of research papers, by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns, are considered. The paper is a corollary to Michael Cahn’s thoughts on the cultural history of texts and asks for a more general reflection on the historical development of forms and genres of scientific writing..Michael Cahn’s “.” describes a much-neglected aspect of the life of texts: “The Production of Cultur
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Text, Representation and Technique in Early Modern China |
Craig Clunas |
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Abstract
This paper examines ‘number’ and numerology as a discursive object among the elite of China in the Ming period (1368–1644). Starting from an anecdote conceming the poet, calligrapher and painter Wen Zhengming (1470–1559), whose refusal to learn these skills from his father led the latter to burn his books, it examines how technical knowledge of this sort was conceived in relation to the humanistic priorities of the Ming elite. It raises the question of how much and what kind of ‘numerology’, or ., (also the modern Chinese word for ‘mathematics) learned men of the Ming knew, and in what contexts it was appropriate to admit to knowing it. The ownership and dissemination of the relevant texts is examined, along with the cultural implications of the numerical skills involved in administration and commerce. ‘Number’ is ultimately seen as problematic for an elite distrustful of ‘technique’ as a socially compromised form of knowledge.
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The Algebraic Art of Discourse Algebraic ,, Invention and Imitation in Sixteenth-Century France |
Giovanna C. Cifoletti |
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Abstract
This paper is part of a research project devoted to inquiring into the connections between humanist rhetoric, dialectics and the teaching of the liberal arts on the one hand and the developments occurring in sixteenth-century algebra on the other. In this larger context, we have found that, especially in France, symbolic algebra as we know it grew out of mathematics within humanistic culture, and particularly out the interaction between mathematics and the disciplines of the text. This is what transformed algebra after its importation from Italy (and the German countries), so that it became what we call symbolic algebra..The paper discusses first the way in which the disciplines of the text modified the way of writing algebra. Secondly, it looks at how one sixteenth-century author theorized mathematical creation in “literary” terms, as invention within imitation. To look at sixteenth-century algebra in this way necessitates our own reflection on the relationship between innovation and tradition or, to use sixteenth-century terms, invention and imitation.
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Ancient Sanskrit Mathematics: An Oral Tradition and a Written Literature |
Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat |
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Abstract
The originality of India’s mathematical texts is a consequence of the refined culture of the scholars who produced them. A few examples display clearly some salient features of the habits of exposition and the methods of thought of ancient and medieval Indian mathematicians. The attitude of the traditional learned man, called “pandit”, is the same, whether he works on literary or technical matter. Propensity to orality, use of memory, brain work are his specific qualities. Composition in verse form, use of synonymous words, metaphorical expression, which are unexpected processes for the exposition of technical matter, have been the rule in all the vast Sanskrit mathematical literature. The present article analyses a technique of memorization of the text of the Vedas, the earliest exposition of geometry rules in the context of Vedic rites of building brick altars, the numeration system, the arithmetical and geometrical concept of square.
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The Limits of Text in Greek Mathematics |
Reviel Netz |
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Abstract
This article argues for a limited role of the text in Greek mathematics, in two senses of “text”: the verbal as opposed to the visual; and the literate as opposed to the “oral” (understood in a wide sense). The Greek mathematical argument proceeds not within the confines of the verbal alone, but essentially relies upon diagrams. On the other hand, it does not use other specific techniques, such as those of the modern cross-reference, relying instead upon verbal echoes. The two, taken together, suggest a model of scientific writing radically different from what we associate with our own mathematics. In methodological terms, the article surveys its evidence in detail, and makes comments concerning the methodology of studying ancient texts through the evidence of those texts alone.
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Reading Strasbourg 368: A Thrice-Told Tale |
Jim Ritter |
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Abstract
Every reading act takes place within one or more contexts. The choice of a contextualization other than that standardly produced by a given reader can lead to new ways of questioning the text itself. Here three different contexts are constructed in which to view an Old Babylonian mathematical tablet: other contemporaneous Babylonian mathematical texts, Egyptian mathematical texts, Babylonian technical texts of a non-mathematical nature. Each of these leads to a different way of viewing the manner in which the text encodes and structures its information and aids in extending our understanding of it. Finally, on the basis of the foregoing, the nature of “anachronism” in historical studies is queried.
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What is the Content of This Book? A Plea for Developing History of Science and History of Text Conjo |
Karine Chemla |
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Abstract
Based on two examples (one taken from thirteenth-century China and the other from eighteenth-century Europe), this paper discusses why various forms of collaboration between history of science and history of text might prove profitable. Texts are not a historical, transparent forms conveying meanings whose history we would write. Scientific texts as such appear to have taken various forms within space and time, designed as they were through an interaction with local conditions of text production of all kinds. Elaborating a description of these various forms of texts would provide methodological tools to read them, since they can by no means be read without the mediation of a method. Here, the achievements of a history of text would benefit history of science in that it would provide a better grasp of the textual contexts for the production of scientific writing, and it would give a better awareness of the various ways in which texts were meant to mean. On the other hand, the history of scientific text could become a systematic concern in history of science as such: scientists design their texts at the same time as they design concepts and results. This represents a constitutive par
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Knowledge and its Artifacts |
David R. Olson |
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Abstract
Knowledge consists of a set of beliefs, that is, mental states, held as true by members of a culture. These beliefs are “represented” in the permanent artifacts of that culture as well as in the non-archived discourse surrounding those artifacts. My question is the effect that the “archiving” of knowledge in the form of public documents and artifacts and the subsequent “reading” of those artifacts, has on the form that knowledge takes and on the minds of those that use them. I will suggest that the form of representation and the ways in which it is used affect what is represented and what, then, is taken to be knowledge. I will illustrate this argument by reference to writing and reading texts such as essays, diagrams, charts and mathematical formulae in medieval and modern times. I will attempt to show that the changes in these quite different forms of representation in fact are parallel to each other and may be traced back to changing practices of writing and reading. I conclude with some general comments on the relation between knowledge and its artifacts.
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Back Matter |
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Abstract
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