| 书目名称 | Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry | | 编辑 | Muthupandian Ashokkumar (Editor-in-Chief) | | 视频video | | | 概述 | Delivers a comprehensive summary of all scientific accomplishments in ultrasonics and sonochemistry.Provides quick and reliable knowledge to students, academics and professionals from diverse scientif | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | The aim of this handbook is to summarize the recent development in the topic of ultrasonics and sonochemistry, especially in the areas of functional materials and processing applications. This handbook will benefit the readers as a full and quick technical reference with a high-level historic review of technology, detailed technical descriptions and the latest practical applications. This handbook is divided into five main sections: fundamentals of ultrasonics and sonochemistry, biomaterials, food processing, catalysts, wastewater remediation. Each section and chapter is written by reputable international scholars and industrial experts. The handbook comprehensively covers the fundamentals of sonochemistry along with key applications. The handbook strives to be a self-contained, easily-understandable reference that will also include up to date knowledge based on research articles. This handbook serves to provide a quick and reliable knowledge for new comers from chemistry, bioengineering, food processing, environmental engineering, in both academia and in industrial fields. | | 出版日期 | Reference work 2016 | | 关键词 | Acoustic Cavitation; Micro Bubble Dynamics; Sonochemical Reactions; Sonochemical Wastewater Remediation | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-278-4 | | isbn_ebook | 978-981-287-278-4 | | copyright | Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 |
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Front Matter |
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Abstract
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Abstract
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Bubble Dynamics and Observations |
Robert Mettin,Carlos Cairós |
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Abstract
The dynamics of acoustic cavitation bubbles can be complicated due to their nonlinear nature. They comprise several aspects on different spatial and temporal scales: The interplay of bubble and sound field leads to volume oscillations and partly strong implosion of the gas phase, which induces further effects like chemical reactions and luminescence. Acoustic forces lead to bubble translation, interaction, and merging. Non-spherical shape modes can cause deformations and splitting, and the bubble collapse can take place with formation of a fast liquid jet in the case of rapid translation, adjacent bubbles, or solid objects. In multi-bubble systems, acoustic field geometries and bubble interactions lead to emergence of a variety of characteristic dynamical bubble structures. A brief review of these issues is given with an emphasis on observations in experiments.
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Acoustic Bubbles, Acoustic Streaming, and Cavitation Microstreaming |
Richard Manasseh |
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Abstract
The phenomena of acoustic streaming and cavitation microstreaming can seem very complex, but underpinning them are fundamental concepts of fluid dynamics that are common to many similar systems. In this chapter, key aspects of fluid dynamics leading to bubble acoustics, acoustic streaming, and microstreaming are outlined. Basic concepts of sound are introduced, focusing on the special case of the sound waves produced by a bubble and how a bubble creates sound and responds to sound. The difference between linear and nonlinear theory for the time-dependent radius of an oscillating bubble is outlined. The concept of mean streaming is then introduced; this is when a purely oscillatory flow causes a net fluid motion. The origin of mean streaming is emphasized: the nonlinear term in Euler’s momentum equation. It is explained that there are two classes of mean streaming: acoustic streaming, created when the ultrasonic power is high and has some gradient with distance, and microstreaming, created when the gradient is high on a small scale. Applications of acoustic streaming and microstreaming in biomedicine and engineering and the latest research are reviewed.
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The Growth of Bubbles in an Acoustic Field by Rectified Diffusion |
Thomas Leong,Muthupandian Ashokkumar,Sandra Kentish |
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Abstract
Rectified diffusion is a bubble growth phenomenon that occurs in acoustic fields. When subjected to a sound field (i.e., an oscillating pressure wave), a bubble of a suitable size range undergoes expansion and compression. During this bubble oscillation, the pressure within the bubble decreases as it expands and increases as it compresses. Consequently, gas and/or vapor diffuses in and out of the bubble due to the differences in pressure between the interior and exterior of the bubble. Several effects contribute to an unequal diffusion in and out of the bubble. The “area effect” refers to the influence of surface area on the mass diffusion. More gas tends to enter the bubble during bubble expansion when the surface area is larger, than out during bubble compression when surface area is smaller. The “shell effect” refers to the thickness of the liquid-air mass transfer boundary. During compression, this boundary layer increases in thickness, and vice versa during expansion. This difference in boundary layer thickness again tends to promote more gas to enter the bubble during expansion than out during compression. In simple air-water systems, these two effects are the primary contrib
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Acoustic Cavitation in a Microchannel |
Siew-Wan Ohl,Claus-Dieter Ohl |
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Abstract
Cavitation in confined geometries, such as microfluidic channels, allows an unprecedentedly detailed look on their dynamics with a much better control as compared to cavitation in the bulk. Another advantage is that only small amounts of fluids are required. In these geometries, single or a few laser-generated bubbles are utilized for fundamental liquid processing such as mixing, sorting, and pumping. For acoustic cavitation, the bubbles need to be either injected a priori or generated through an entrainment process. Then cavitation can be utilized for emulsions, to lyse cells, to generate light (sonoluminescence), and to initiate chemical reactions. This review presents a summary of the effects of confinement on the bubble dynamics and how they can be utilized for research and applications.
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Importance of Sonication and Solution Conditions on the Acoustic Cavitation Activity |
Judy Lee |
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Abstract
Acoustic cavitation is known to induce extreme physical and chemical effects, all of which derive from the creation and violent collapse of bubbles as the sound wave propagates through a liquid medium. In order to capitalize on the benefits of acoustic cavitation for specific physical and chemical process applications, it is important to understand how cavitation activity varies under different sonication and solution conditions. This chapter will first provide an introduction on bubble growth by rectified diffusion and bubble coalescence, which leads to the evolution of sonoluminescence (SL) and sonochemiluminescence (SCL) activity, and how these can be quantified. This will then be followed by a comprehensive review on the current state of knowledge relating to the influence sonication and solution properties, such as power, frequency, pulsing, dissolved gases, and surface-active solutes, have on bubble growth, SL, and SCL. This chapter will demonstrate the sensitivity of cavitation activity to small changes in sonication and solution properties, and why an awareness into these effects is important for optimizing ultrasound applications.
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Acoustic Bubbles and Sonoluminescence |
Pak-Kon Choi |
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Abstract
In a multibubble field, the bubble dynamics is determined by acoustic field-bubble and bubble-bubble interactions. The latter plays an important role in a field of high acoustic pressure. The first part of this chapter discusses the high-speed observation of bubbles interacting with other bubbles. The theory of bubble-bubble interactions in an acoustic field is briefly described, and high-speed images representing bubble coalescence are presented. The bubble oscillation and bubble size are shown to be affected by surfactant molecules adsorbed at the bubble/liquid interface. The high-speed images indicate spherical bubble oscillation and a smaller size distribution upon adding sodium dodecyl sulfate. Further, the initial size distribution of sonoluminescence (SL)-emitting bubble is described on the basis of the experiment using a pulsed ultrasound. The second part deals with the dependence of bubble dynamics on the acoustic power in association with the variation of SL intensity. The method of acoustic power measurement is described. The intensity of SL (sonochemiluminescence, SCL) takes a maximum value at certain acoustic power at both 84 and 138 kHz. The high-speed shadowgraphy of
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Experimental Observation of an Acoustic Field |
Nobuki Kudo |
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Abstract
In this section, optical techniques used for experimental observation of acoustic fields are reviewed. Acousto-optic interaction is discussed as a basic principle for visualizing inhomogeneity in refractive index fields. Light deflection and diffraction are also discussed as typical phenomena, especially in visualization of ultrasound fields. Three techniques, phase detection, Schlieren, and shadowgraph techniques, are mainly reviewed with discussion of the differences in the principles, optical systems, and acquired images. Background-oriented Schlieren technique, scanning laser Doppler vibrometry, and photoelastic techniques are also discussed as relatively new techniques for visualization of ultrasound fields. A technique that visualizes a distribution of temperature rise generated by ultrasound exposure is also introduced.
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Ultrasonic Atomization |
Susumu Nii |
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Abstract
Ultrasound enhances dispersion of liquids into fine mist with a narrow size distribution. Such small liquid droplets and distributions are difficult to obtain with using conventional nozzles. Atomization occurs in the wide frequency range from 20 kHz to 10 MHz. Highlighted in this chapter is the phenomena occurring in MHz-range ultrasound because of the small mist size of submicrometer to several micrometers and enabling solute partitioning between mist and bulk liquid. The finding of surfactant enrichment in the mist brought a new aspect of separation in ultrasonic atomization. Targets of the separation range from ethanol, solid particles, and carbon nanotubes to rice wines. The chapter covers the basic mechanism of mist formation, solute-partitioning behavior, and recent topic of solid transfer into gas phase.
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Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation |
Kyuichi Yasui |
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It has long been believed that the main oxidant created inside a bubble at the bubble collapse in aqueous solutions under strong ultrasound is OH radical. However, numerical simulations of chemical reactions inside an air bubble in water indicate that the main oxidant is not always OH radical but sometimes H.O. or O atom. The lifetime of O atom in the gas–liquid interface region is, however, unknown partly due to unknown temperature in the region. It has been experimentally reported that the upper levels of OH vibration are overpopulated inside a sonoluminescing bubble compared to the equilibrium Boltzmann distribution from the analysis of OH line spectra in SL. However, the reason is unknown although it could be due to the excitation through chemical reactions. The acoustic field inside a sonochemical reactor is also not fully understood because bubbles strongly attenuate ultrasound and radiate acoustic waves into the liquid. The spatial distribution of bubbles is strongly inhomogeneous. The number density of bubbles temporally changes due to fragmentation, coalescence, and dissolution. The liquid surface vibrates under ultrasound. The vibration of the container’s wall also affect
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Sonoelectrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials |
Guohai Yang,Jun-Jie Zhu |
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Recent advances in nano-dimensional materials have been led by the development of new synthetic methods that provide control over size, morphology, and nanostructure. The sonoelectrochemical method, as a new environmentally friendly strategy, which combines sonochemistry and electrochemistry, has been proven to be a fast, simple, and effective route for shape-controlled synthesis of nanomaterials. During the acoustic cavitation process, high temperatures, pressures, and cooling rates can be achieved upon the collapse of the bubble, which permit access to a range of chemical reaction space normally not accessible, allowing for the synthesis of a wide variety of unusual nanostructured materials. It is commonly accomplished by applying an electric current pulse to nucleate and perform the electrodeposit, followed by a burst of ultrasonic wave to remove the products from the sonic probe cathode. The shape and size of the nanomaterials can be adjusted by varying the operating parameters which include the ultrasonic power, current density, deposition potential, and ultrasonic versus electrochemical pulse times as well as the pH, temperature, and composition of the electrolyte in the sono
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Catalytic Applications of Noble Metal Nanoparticles Produced by Sonochemical Reduction of Noble Meta |
Kenji Okitsu,Yoshiteru Mizukoshi |
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Noble metal nanoparticles have great potential for application as catalysts. Their catalytic properties depend sensitively on the size, structure, and shape of the metal nanoparticles and their combination with support materials. Sonochemistry is a possible approach for the efficient production of powerful noble metal nanoparticle-based catalysts. When an aqueous solution is irradiated by ultrasound, unique chemical effects (radical reactions and thermal reactions) and physical effects (shock waves and micro-jet flow) are simultaneously generated during acoustic cavitation. Inside the bubbles and the gas/liquid interfaces that occur during acoustic cavitation are specific reaction fields that can induce unique chemical reactions. In this chapter, the sonochemical reduction of noble metal ions, the synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles, and their immobilization on support materials are described. The applications of sonochemically prepared nanoparticles to catalytic hydrogenation reactions and photocatalytic reactions are also described. In addition, sonochemical synthesis and its application to noble metal–magnetic nanocomposites and to the catalytic growth behavior of sonochemica
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Ultrasonic Synthesis of Polymer Nanoparticles |
Boon Mian Teo |
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Recent advances in nanomaterial synthesis have led to the search and development of new synthetic methods. The use of high-intensity ultrasound in chemistry offers a versatile and simple means of polymeric nanostructure synthesis. The chemical effects of ultrasound that are relevant to material synthesis arise from a phenomenon known as acoustic cavitation (the formation, growth, and violent collapse of bubbles under the influence of a sound field) which can create extreme conditions inside the collapsing bubbles, and this serves as the origin of sonochemistry. Herein, the fundamental concepts involving ultrasound, sonochemistry, and emulsion polymerization will be provided. In particular, special emphasis on sonochemical production of polymer nanocomposites and (bio)polymer microspheres and the biorelated applications of these microspheres will be given.
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Ultrasonic Synthesis of Ceramic Materials: Fundamental View |
Naoya Enomoto |
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This article is concerned with fundamental materials systems consisting of commonplace or ubiquitous elements (Si, O, Al, Fe, etc.), aiming at how to draw out the novel potentiality of sonochemistry to ceramic processing rather than to reach hurriedly to modern functional materials in popularity. Silica sphere synthesis is a main topic discussed in detail. Ultrasonication during the synthesis caused a curious agglomeration presumably due both to an ultrasonic-induced collision and to surface activity of silica spheres. Another type of sonication at very low intensity is newly proposed here to enhance the aging of starting solutions. This novel concept is based on a hypothesis that microscopic homogeneity is not guaranteed in a transparent solution. In the experimental facts, the aging of the starting solutions results in a delay of precipitation, narrowing of sphere size distribution, and increase of sphere size (i.e., decrease of nucleus number), which can be attributable to an increased microscopic homogeneity in the starting solutions. Other fundamental systems presented are crystallization from a supersaturated solution of alum (ammonium aluminum sulfate hydrate), solidificatio
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Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Energy and Environmental Applications |
Sundaram Ganesh Babu,Bernaurdshaw Neppolian,Muthupandian Ashokkumar |
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Abstract
Ultrasound causes high-energy chemistry that is accomplished through the process of acoustic cavitation. Ultrasound is used as an important source for the initiation or enhancement of catalytic reactions, in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. In this chapter, we focus on recent work on the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of metal nanoparticles for energy conversion applications and also for the environmental remediation.
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Synthesis of Inorganic, Polymer, and Hybrid Nanoparticles Using Ultrasound |
S. Shaik,S. H. Sonawane,S. S. Barkade,Bharat Bhanvase |
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Abstract
In this chapter, an attempt has been made to explain the role of ultrasonication in the synthesis of pure nanoparticles and nanoparticle-loaded polymers (i.e., hybrid). Ultrasound acts as an opportune method to synthesize metal, metal oxide nanoparticles, and hybrids with unique properties which are highly desirable for many applications. Extraordinary conditions such as temperature, pressure, heating, and cooling rates during the acoustic cavitation provide access to the range of chemical reaction conditions. These conditions generate the nanoparticles/hybrids with extremely large surface-to-volume ratio and specific surface area due to non-equilibrium conditions of cavitation interface. In this present chapter, new developments in ultrasound-assisted synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials and polymer-based hybrids had been discussed. In this chapter, the use of ultrasound atomization process for the production of the nanomaterials which are used in solar cells and electronics application was also discussed. The chapter also reports about the formation of the pigment dispersion which was an energy-intensive process when compared to planetary ball milling. Finally, the comparison of
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Ultrasonic Modification of Micelle Nanostructures |
Nor Saadah Mohd Yusof,Muthupandian Ashokkumar |
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Abstract
The tremendous attention given to micelles in recent technological advancements and industries is due to its amazingly stable and flexible physicochemical properties exhibited upon exposure to different stimuli. A concise review of micelle structures and the effects of various stimuli on the structural properties of micelles with a particular focus on the effect of ultrasound are provided. While the use of conventional stimuli such as temperature, shear, etc., for controlling micelle structures is widely reported, the use of ultrasound as a stimulus has not been studied extensively. For this reason, a detailed discussion on the possibility of designing a variety of micelle nanostructures using ultrasound is provided. Using ultrasound as a stimulus is an advantage as it eliminates the need for adding external chemicals to the micellar system and the experimental parameters could be easily controlled. A case study of using cetyltrimethylammonium salicylate (CTASal) prepared from ion exchange process of equimolar mixture of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) and sodium salicylate (NaSal) is used in order to evaluate the efficiency of ultrasonics on controlling the micelles’ aggreg
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Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Production |
Pavel V. Cherepanov,Daria V. Andreeva |
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Abstract
Hydrogen is a clean fuel that can be produced by means of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during water splitting process. HER requires the catalysts which could provide reversible binding of hydrogen that is energetically comparable with the process catalyzed by platinum (Pt). According to the most recent industrial reports, only 5 % of worldwide produced hydrogen is coming from electrolytic water splitting. One of the main obstacles is a very high onset overpotential which results in high energy consumption during hydrogen production process. Another problem is use of rather expensive precious metals and complicated multistep technological processes for synthesis of nanostructured materials. In this chapter, the main structural, compositional, and morphological aspects defining the efficiency of inorganic materials toward HER are summarized. Furthermore, materials containing earth-abundant transition and rare earth metals are highlighted as possible alternatives to Pt. It is demonstrated that alloys, nanoalloys, and near-surface alloys offer a number of potentially effective candidates toward HER. Use of high-intensity ultrasound for bottom-up synthesis of catalysts and especial
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发表于 2025-3-21 17:38:34
