Titlebook: Export Finance; Risks, Structures, a Richard Willsher Book 1995 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 1995 Credit

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Letters of CreditBecause letters of credit have evolved for the benefit of parties involved in international trade the following discussion centres upon their interests.

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Commercial Risk, Corporate Risk and Credit InsuranceThis is the risk that the buyer of goods may not pay for them or repay any financing made available when it falls due. Such default results from the state of the buyer’s own business and character. There are several methods which can be used to examine the customer to assess the state of health of the business.

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Political Risk and Emerging MarketsFor the export financier the question of political risk is that of asking whether the country or region in which a buyer is situated poses risks of non-payment under a financing arrangement. The following examples illustrate political risks of different sorts:

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Methods of Data and Software Migration,rily, guaranteed by a state Export Credit Agency (ECA) from the exporter’s country. ECA support will be dealt with later but will be mentioned where it is relevant to the structures described in this section.

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7799-7e individual Export Credit Agencies (ECA) of each state which, together with tied aid funding and other forms of support, are aimed at promoting donor countries’ commercial interests with the target market. This section will deal with the basics of who the ECAs are, what they do, how they are governed and structured and how they work.

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Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineeringat sense the market of last resort. But as we shall see below that isn’t quite the whole story. Forms of countertrade and barter are now becoming common in wealthy western markets such as the United States and Europe.

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IT Security Risk Control Managementwever, with the total funds made available by these institutions for the purchase of goods and services being in the region of US$30 billion per annum its contribution to funding world trade cannot be ignored.

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Infrastruktur-Management als Erfolgsfaktor,not for example know how much an incoming fee received in US Dollars is worth until selling it for your own accounting currency, say Deutschmarks, Sterling, or Hong Kong Dollars. As you do not know what it is worth to the profit and loss account it could turn out to be less than that budgeted for.