Titlebook: Exercise Physiology for the Pediatric and Congenital Cardiologist; Jonathan Rhodes,Mark E. Alexander,Alexander R. Opo Book 2019 Springer N

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CO2 Elimination (V̇CO2)echanisms permit the efficient transport of the increased quantities of CO.: (1) cardiac output may increase more than fivefold during exercise; and (2) venous CO. content rises during exercise. Unlike oxygen, CO. is very soluble in blood. In the physiologic range, the CO. content is approximately p

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Exercise Stress Echocardiography with coronary artery disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and pulmonary hypertension. Experience with ESE in children with these disorders is more limited. Given the potential value of this technology is significant, its role in the clinical diagnosis and management of pediatric patients con

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Other Modalities: Assessment of Pulmonary Response and Measurement of Cardiac Outputise test. This chapter discusses some of them, including exercise flow-volume loops, measurement of cardiac output (invasive and noninvasive), blood sampling during exercise, and exercise oscillatory ventilation.

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Supervision and Safety Precautions for Exercise Testingiding the exercise laboratory with appropriate safety equipment, providing the staff with appropriate training and education, and ensuring that adequate supervision and backup is available when needed. High-risk patients may be identified on the basis of clinical criteria, prior to exercise testing.

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Special Considerations for Childrenommodations and special considerations will often be necessary. Basic pediatric exercise testing can begin as young as 4 years old, when indicated. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) can be undertaken successfully in patients as young as 6 years old, although the maturity required to cooperate

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Special Considerations for Adults with Congenital Heart Diseaseh CHD versus testing adults with acquired heart disease is the indication for testing. In acquired heart disease, testing is usually undertaken to evaluate for myocardial ischemia. The reason for exercise testing in adults with CHD varies widely. However, its primary purpose is rarely the assessment

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Peak Exercise Parametersduals, and especially for those with cardiovascular disease, peak V̇. is limited by the amount of O. that the cardiopulmonary system can deliver to the exercising muscles. This in turn is limited by the circulatory system’s ability to increase cardiac output during exercise. Hence, peak V̇. is an ex