Titlebook: Evolution from a Thermodynamic Perspective; Implications for Spe Carl F Jordan Book 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), u

可憎

Objections to the Ecosystem Conceptradigms. No one has actually seen an economy. Nevertheless the concept of an economy has proven useful in organizing human interactions. The concept of an ecosystem is useful in understanding evolution.

无瑕疵

manifestation

Armada

傻瓜

Ecosystem Control: A Top-Down Viewrs endogenously following changes in energy flow due to exogenous factors such as climate change or endogenous factors such as disease. If changes occur periodically or are minor, endogenous feedback will prevent instability. If changes occur randomly or are major, ecosystems will destabilize. In te

相互影响

Ecosystem Control: A Bottom-Up Viewlow through their populations. Due to their response, energy flow through ecosystems changes. This changes energy flow back to species, so species must readjust to the continually changing flow of energy. Feedback occurs simultaneously and reciprocally between species and ecosystems.

maintenance

Ecosystem Stability these regular, predictable changes. The extremes to which energy flow can deviate above and below the long-term average without causing instability are a system’s “bounded limits”. Perturbations that cause energy flow to exceed bounded limits cause instability.

马笼头

Case Studies of Ecosystem Control and Stabilityaturally. This exposes the underlying mechanisms as they recalibrate the flows and cycles. If disturbances are moderate, the system will recover, and the mechanisms can be observed. If the disturbances are too severe, too long lasting, and too wide-spread, the mechanisms are destroyed and the system

忘恩负义的人

Entropy and Maximum Powerthe entropy. In that sense, entropy is a measure of time. The faster things become disorganized, the faster the passage of time. The speed of entropy is controlled by the efficiency of energy transformations within a system. There are two types of efficiency. One is efficiency of time, where the sys

不成比例

A Thermodynamic View of Successionssion occurs as the autocatalytic reactions that promote maximum power output more than compensate for entropy that causes breakdown of structure. Ecological theory has been that power output of ecosystems increases during succession until biomass is maximum. Thermodynamic theory says that power out