Titlebook: Europe and Iran’s Nuclear Crisis; Lead Groups and EU F Riccardo Alcaro Book 2018 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 Iran‘

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The Theory: Lead Groups and EU Foreign Policy-Makingand mechanisms. A practice that finds no basis in EU treaties, lead groups invariably create an imbalance between the member states in the lead, the insiders, and those that follow, the outsiders. The compromise underlying lead groups results from an intergovernmental bargaining process that reflect

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The Premise: The Underneath Continuity in the E3/EU’s Iran Policye of the pre-eminence of the nuclear issue. Nuclear proliferation had been a prominent item in EU-Iran exchanges already in the 1990s. Hence, it came as no surprise that the issue climbed the list of priorities in the EU’s agenda when Iran’s nuclear programme turned out to be far more advanced than

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The Action/1: E3 Leadership and EU Ownershippotentially conflicting needs: first, ensure that they remained in control of the EU Iran policy; second, promote a sense of EU-wide ownership of their action. Being in the Iran group gave the E3 obvious advantages: exclusive access to Iran (at least on nuclear matters), selective intra-EU informati

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The Action/2: The E3/EU and the United Statesce. France, Germany and the United Kingdom (E3) used the ‘US factor’ throughout the nuclear dispute to defend themselves from intra-EU criticisms, build support for their policy line or persuade the other member states to take difficult decisions. On the other hand, EU unity . transatlantic converge

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The Outcome: The E3/EU as Identity Shapersinitiative, vigilant member of a rules-based international system, supporter of multilateral institutions and cooperative crisis management, committed transatlantic ally and non-proliferation norm-enforcer. The E3/EU experience also contributed to articulating the type identity of the European Union

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