Titlebook: Essentials of Interventional Techniques in Managing Chronic Pain; Laxmaiah Manchikanti,Alan D.‘Kaye,Joshua A. Hirsch Book 20181st edition

Concomitant

Lumbar Epidural Injectionsections are administered to manage chronic low back pain with or without lower extremity pain secondary to disc herniation, discogenic pain without facet joint pain, spinal stenosis, post-lumbar surgery syndrome, and degenerative disc disease..Based on best evidence synthesis, Level II evidence is a

疲劳

Thoracic Epidural Injections5–15% of the patients, compared to 24–44% with neck pain and 33–56% with low back pain. Thoracic intervertebral discs, nerve roots, and facet joints are capable of transmitting pain in the thoracic spine with radiation into the chest wall and abdominal wall. Chronic, persistent thoracic and chest wa

blithe

Cervical Epidural Injectionsnic pain, spinal stenosis, spondylosis, and post-surgery syndrome. Treatments for chronic neck pain, recalcitrant to conservative management resulting in disability, include surgical management as well as interventional techniques with epidural injections utilizing either an interlaminar approach or

Indigence

使成整体

Discography48. Cervical and thoracic discography are performed to a lesser extent. However, the accuracy and value of discography have been debated in the lumbar region and more so in the cervical and thoracic regions..The evidence for accuracy of provocation discography is Level III for lumbar discography, wh

胆大

Percutaneous Lumbar Thermal Annular ProceduresAD. The pathophysiology is most likely irritation of nerves growing in the damaged inner annulus during the attempt to heal the annular tears. The natural history is for pain from IAD to persist. Diagnosis is best done by discography, but that technique has been criticized, so that access to discogr

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Protein

平

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52197-3ereas it is Level IV for cervical discography, and there is no evidence available for thoracic discography. Multiple complications also have been described with discography specifically in the cervical region.