Titlebook: Equilibrium Thermodynamics; Mário J. de Oliveira Textbook 2017Latest edition Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017 Bragg-Williams Theory

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参考书目

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Clausius-Gibbs Principle, is nonnegative, where .(. ) is the internal energy and . the volume of the vessel. This quantity is directly related to the adiabatic compressibility .., which will be defined later, by ...∕.. = 1∕... Therefore, the mechanical stability of a gas means that the adiabatic compressibility is nonnegative.

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Magnetic Ordering,lattice formed by magnetic atoms is divided into two or more equivalent sublattices, each presenting a spontaneous magnetization in a certain direction. The interaction between the dipoles causes a magnetic ordering such that the vector sum of the spontaneous magnetization of the sublattice vanishes, which defines the antiferromagnetic state.

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NOMAD

Liquid Crystals,tional orders are absent. In a liquid crystal molecules have orientational order but positional order is absent. In the opposite situation to liquid crystals, the molecules of a plastic crystal exhibit positional order but orientational order is absent.

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NIB

G. Berlot,A. Tomasini,M. Maffessantiion is carried out in the solids by vibration of the crystal lattice and in electrical conductors also by free electrons. In liquids and gases it occurs mainly by the collision between molecules. The heat transfer by convection is that occurring by the macroscopic motion of matter.