Titlebook: Equilibrium Thermodynamics; Mário J. de Oliveira Textbook 2017Latest edition Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017 Bragg-Williams Theory

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Clausius-Gibbs Principle, is nonnegative, where .(. ) is the internal energy and . the volume of the vessel. This quantity is directly related to the adiabatic compressibility .., which will be defined later, by ...∕.. = 1∕... Therefore, the mechanical stability of a gas means that the adiabatic compressibility is nonnegative.

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Magnetic Ordering,lattice formed by magnetic atoms is divided into two or more equivalent sublattices, each presenting a spontaneous magnetization in a certain direction. The interaction between the dipoles causes a magnetic ordering such that the vector sum of the spontaneous magnetization of the sublattice vanishes, which defines the antiferromagnetic state.

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Liquid Crystals,tional orders are absent. In a liquid crystal molecules have orientational order but positional order is absent. In the opposite situation to liquid crystals, the molecules of a plastic crystal exhibit positional order but orientational order is absent.

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