| 书目名称 | Environmental Degradation of the Black Sea: Challenges and Remedies | | 编辑 | Sükrü T. Beşiktepe,Ümit Ünlüata,Alexandru S. Bolog | | 视频video | | | 丛书名称 | NATO Science Partnership Subseries: 2 | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | The Black Sea presently faces severe ecological disequilibrium due primarily to eutrophication and other types of contaminants, from atmospheric, river and landbased sources. Major contaminants include nutrients, pesticides, hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Among the most critical contemporary concerns are eutrophication and associated deterioration of water quality, plankton blooms, hypoxia and anoxia, loss of biodiversity and decline of living resources. A better understanding of conditions leading to eutrophication and of the associated changes during the last four decades, is being carried out at national , regional and international levels. High quality scientific research has been conducted in all Black Sea riparian countries (Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey, Ukraine). In addition, several successful regional research programmes (e.g., CoMSBlack, NATO-TU Black Sea, NATO-TU Waves, EC-EROS 2000 Phase III, IOC Black Sea Regional Center with Pilot Projects 112) and one major environmental management program (GEF-BSEP) have been successfully launched. New international efforts like the Black Sea Commission, the Black Sea Program Coordination Unit, the Black S | | 出版日期 | Book 1999 | | 关键词 | Biodiversity; Coast; Danube; Eutrophication; Ocean; Oceanography; Plankton; Sediment; biogeochemical cycles; | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4568-8 | | isbn_softcover | 978-0-7923-5676-9 | | isbn_ebook | 978-94-011-4568-8Series ISSN 1389-1839 | | issn_series | 1389-1839 | | copyright | Kluwer Academic Publishers 1999 |
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Front Matter |
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Abstract
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,Origin of the Black Sea, |
Naci Görür |
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Abstract
Origin of the Black Sea has long been a matter of discussion. Many tectonic models have been proposed to explain how and when this mini ocean was created. One model regarded it as a remnant ocean. Another one attributed its formation to the basifcation of a continental crust. A third model suggested that it resulted from a continuous uplift and erosion of a landmass. A fourth model indicated that it resulted from strike-slip fault activities. The most favourite model is the back-arc opening. In these models various age estimates, ranging from pre-Cambrian to Quaternary have been proposed, although mid-Cretaceous has gained a wide support.
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,Geochemistry of the Late Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments of the Black Sea: An Overview, |
M. Namik Çağatay |
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Abstract
The Black Sea sediments deposited during the last 30,000 yr consist of three units which can be traced over the deep Black Sea basin. The geochemical composition of these sediments reflects the paleogeographic, oceanographic and biological evolution of the basin during this period. The youngest unit, Unit 1, is a microlaminated coccolithophore mud that has been depositing since ∼3,000 yr BP, after the invasion of the Black Sea by coccolithophore .. This unit is enriched in Ca and Sr because of its high biogenic carbonate content and contains organic matter of mixed marine/terrestrial origin..Unit 2 is a sapropel unit that was formed after the influx of Mediterranean waters at ∼ 7,000 yr BP. Compared to the other units, this unit is enriched in organic carbon (C.), Mo, U, B, Cu, Ni, Co, V and Ba. The elements enriched in Unit 2 are either mainly associated with the organic matter (U, V, B), sulfides (Cu, Co, Mo), or with biologically secreted barite (Ba). Organic matter in this unit appears to be heterogeneous in composition, but probably mainly of marine origin. Low Mn contents of Unit 2, which are comparable with that of Unit 1, imply deposition of this unit under unoxic bottom wa
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,Importance of Sedimentary Processes in Environmental Changes: Lower River Danube — Danube Delta — W |
N. Panin,D. C. Jipa,M. T. Gomoiu,D. Secrieru |
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Abstract
Draining a territory almost twice the Black Sea area, the Danube River is the most important sediment supplier of this marine basin. Presently the Danube River determines the sedimentation on the northwestern Black Sea shelf area. The Danube influence extends down to the deep sea floor. In turn the Black Sea strictly controls the sedimentation of the Danube material through the sea level variations. Danube Delta is acting as a regulator of the sediment transfer between the Danube River and the Black Sea. The three factors -river, delta and marine basin- make up a well-established geosystem. Our present interest will concentrate on the sedimentary cycle including the Romanian Carpathians source area, the Lower Danube transport agent and the western Black Sea accumulation basin (Fig. 1).
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,Characteristic Chemical Features and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Black Sea, |
Ö. Baştürk,E. Yakushev,S. Tuğrul,İ. Salihoğlu |
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Abstract
In this report, temporal and spatial variabilities in the biochemical and biological sectors of the Black Sea are reviewed, based on the long-term chemical and biological data collected by the Black Sea riparian countries and USA. Past and present biochemical data, starting from R/V J. Elliott Pillsbury August-1965 cruıse till R/V Bilim July-1997 cruise, were compared in terms of density dependent profiles for the dynamically different regions of the Black Sea. Observed changes in the ecosystem of the Black Sea during recent decades are reviewed in conjunction with the alterations and modifications in the wide range of environmental controls. Recent physical and biochemical measurements such as nutrients, dissolved oxygen, hydrogen sulfide have also been evaluated for describing the possible routes and mechanisms of transport of coastally trapped pollutants into the offshore, deep-basin waters through meandering rim current system, and the redox mechanisms controlling the sub-oxic zone located between oxic and anoxic layers.
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,Eutrophication: A Plausible Cause for Changes in Hydrochemical Structure of the Black Sea Anoxic La |
S. K. Konovalov,L. I. Ivanov,J. W. Murray,L. V. Eremeeva |
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Abstract
Field observations have been used to analyze changes in chemical properties (distribution of nutrients and sulfide) of the Black Sea anoxic layer from 1960 to 1995. The results reveal notable changes (increase in the inventories of nutrient and sulfide) in the chemical structure of the anoxic zone, which has been considered for a long time as a conservative layer of the Black Sea. It is inferred that intensive eutrophication is the main reason of the change. The results of the analysis of long-term variations in chemical structure demonstrate not only intensive degradation of the ecosystem of the Black Sea in 70’s and 80’s, but also relative improvement of the situation in 90’s.
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,The Suboxic Zone of the Black Sea, |
James W. Murray,Bing-Sun Lee,John Bullister,George W. Luther III |
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Abstract
One of the most fascinating and unexpected discoveries during the US-Turkish Expedition to the Black Sea in 1988 was the detection of a suboxic zone at the oxic-anoxic interface. The suboxic zone was defined as the region where the concentrations of oxygen and sulfide were both extremely low and had no perceptible vertical or horizontal gradients. The suboxic zone is a site of intensive redox cycling of species of sulfur, nitrogen, manganese and iron. Further analysis showed that the features of the vertical profiles occurred on characteristic density surfaces, which means they can be reproducibly sampled. Similar reactions appear to occur in hemipelagic marine sediments but are more difficult to study. In the oxygen minima of the world’s oceans the extent of the redox reactions is less complete, Thus, the Black Sea is a natural laboratory to study these reactions because the complete progression of redox reactions is well resolved on characteristic density surfaces within a suitable depth range for resolution by pump-type sampling. In this paper we review our knowledge of the suboxic zone and present five hypotheses for future study.
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,An Approach to Modelling Anoxic Conditions in the Black Sea, |
Evgeniy V. Yakushev |
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Abstract
In anoxic conditions the oxidation of organic matter occurs in different stoichimetric reactions. Therefore modelling of oxic/anoxic transformation requires parameterization of the cycles of several elements simultaneously, in contrast to models dealing only with nutrient cycles under oxic conditions, where it is possible to use the Redfield ratios. An O-N-S-Mn model is considered to describe the biogeochemical sources. Rates of biochemical processes mediated by bacteria are described by first-order equations using semiempirical functions of O. concentration..The processes of turbulent diffusion, sedimentation, and biogeochemical transformation of compounds were parameterized in the frames of one-dimensional and two-dimensional coupled models. The model was calibrated using data observed for the vertical distribution of compounds in the upper layers of the Black Sea. The calculated spatial distributions of nitrogen compounds (total organic nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite), inorganic reduced sulfur compounds (hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, sulfate), dissolved and particulate manganese, as well as dissolved oxygen agree reasonably well with the observations..Mo
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,Temporal (Seasonal and Interannual) Changes of Ecosystem of the Open Waters of the Black Sea, |
M. E. Vinogradov,E. A. Shushkina,A. S. Mikaelyan,N. P. Nezlin |
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Abstract
The pelagic ecosystem of the open part of the Black Sea was analyzed from the point of view of its temporal changes on interannual and seasonal basis. The material was collected during interdisciplinary expeditions to the Black Sea, between 1978–1996. The observed interannual variability is discussed for all plankton groups except protozooplankton. During 1980–1993 a gradual decrease of mean air temperature in winter and an increase in phytoplankton biomass in summer were observed. The lowest and the highest phytoplankton biomasses corresponded to high and low temperatures in 1980 and 1992 respectively. The climatic quasi-periodic 20-years oscillations of winter air temperature determine the general intensity of Black Sea current system and, as a result, favorable conditions for growth of phytoplankton. The analysis of historical phytoplankton data corroborates this hypothesis. According to surface chlorophyll “a” satellite measurements the interannual variations were seen in winter and spring during the period from 1978 to 1986..The intrusion of . to the Black Sea in 1989 led to radical changes in the structure and functioning of the ecosystem. After its outbreak, the biomass of p
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,Distribution of Planktonic Primary Production in the Black Sea, |
Alexandru S. Bologa,Petre T. Frangopol,Vladimir I. Vedernikov,Ludmila V. Stelmakh,Oleg A. Yunev,Ayse |
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Abstract
Planktonic primary production data from the entire Black Sea are reviewed for the last two decades. Surface and vertical profile of data are spatially and seasonally compared for different significant areas (north-western shelf, western and southern coast, eastearn and western halistatic zones). High production rates, especially in the coastal waters of the NW and W Black Sea exhibit large inter- and intraseasonal variations. Such values clearly reflect meso- and eutrophic feature of these waters. There are major annual spring (diatoms) and autumn (coccolithophorids) blooms, followed in recent years by additional summer (dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids) blooms. The major primary producers are usually .. Factorial analyses reveal very high correlation coefficients between chlorophyll . concentration and salinity, primary production and salinity, and between chlorophyll . concentration and primary production. The annual cycle of plankton dynamics in the central Black Sea is being studied by means of an one-dimensional vertically resolved physical-biological upper ocean model, involving interactions between inorganic N (NO., NH.), phytoplankton and herbivorous zooplankton, and detr
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,Fluctuations of Pelagic Species of the Open Black Sea During 1980–1995 and Possible Teleconnections |
U. Niermann,A. E. Kideys,A. V. Kovalev,V. Melnikov,V. Belokopytov |
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Abstract
The drastic changes in the Black Sea ecosystem, i.e. the harsh decline of the Black Sea fishery in 1989 and the dramatic changes in the zooplankton were often related to the outburst of the accidentally introduced ctenophore . and to other man made events, such as pollution, eutrophication, regulation of river outflows (irrigation, damming) and overfishing. Beginning with the question as to why such changes in the Black Sea ecosystem occurred specifically at the end of the 1980s, the fluctuation of zooplankton stocks in other regions of the world are reviewed and compared with the changes in the Black Sea ecosystem. It transpires that changes in the zooplankton community and in small pelagic fish stocks in the second half of the 1980’s until the beginning of the 1990s were evident in all seas under consideration. These changes were discussed in connection with changes in the climatic regime. Striking changes were observed in the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation), SO (Southern Oscillation), ENSO (Southern Oscillation (El Niño Index), and ALPI (Aleutian Low Pressure Index) in the second half of the 1980s resulting in changes of the hydrological and meteorological regime (river run off
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,Status and Evolution of the Romanian Black Sea Coastal Ecosystem, |
Adriana Petranu,Mukader Apas,Nicolae Bodeanu,Alexandru S. Bologa,Camelia Dumitrache,Maria Moldoveanu |
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Abstract
During the past three decades the Romanian coastal zone of the Black Sea has been subject to severe ecological disturbance, as a result of complex and multiple anthropogenic pressures, leading to changes in biotopes and in the biological components of the ecosystem. The consequences of this influence can be evaluated as the ecosystem degradation. Until 1965-70, investigations showed the existence of an ecosystem with a rich variety of marine life and high productivity. Research undertaken after 1970 indicated structural and functional changes, especially in the coastal ecosystem where anthropogenic influences act more directly. The major consequence of these disturbances was a reduction of biodiversity, both for plant and animal species. Since 1970, monitoring has documented the changes in the main biotic components of the pelagic and benthic systems and the effect of eutrophication and pollution on the floral and faunal communities. The ecosystem is now dominated by eutrophication/pollution with their associated unfavorable consequences. The evolution, current state and trends in pelagic plant and animal populations and changes in benthic communities are discussed in this paper. T
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,Modeling the Black Sea Pelagic Ecosystem and Biogeochemical Structure: A Synthesis of Recent Activi |
Temel Oguz,Umit Unluata,Hugh W. Ducklow,Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli |
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Abstract
Recent modeling studies on the structure and functioning of the plankton productivity and various other features of the vertical biogeochemical structure of the Black Sea are reviewed in this study. Major findings from the available pelagic ecosystem models, catagorized as the mixed layer based physically simplified models and the vertically resolved coupled physical-biochemical models, are described first. Capability of present models in describing nutrient cycling, oxygen dynamics and suboxic-anoxic layer interactions is then assessed.
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,Satellite Altimetry Observations of the Black Sea, |
G. K. Korotaev,O. A. Saenko,C. J. Koblinsky,V. V. Knysh |
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Abstract
Long data set of altimetric measurements is available for the Black Sea as the result of Pathfinder Project of Goddard Space Flight Center. Strong seasonal signal obviously presented in the satellite altimetry data Satellite-derived signal reproduces well amplitudes and phases of the sea level variability estimated through the leading term of the water budget for the Black Sea. The method of the reconstruction of dynamical level from satellite altimetry is proposed in the paper. The altimetric dynamical sea level correlates well with corresponding sea level resulted from the CoMSBlack data. Analysis of seasonal variability of the general circulation based on data of ERS-1 and TOPEX/POSEIDON, showed that its minimum corresponds to July–October. Maximum intensity of the Rim current falls on the period from December-January to May. Assimilation of the sea level in the model of the Black Sea circulation permits to reproduce the mesoscale dynamics.
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,Hydro-Optical Studies of the Black Sea: History and Status, |
V. L. Vladimirov,V. I. Mankovsky,M. V. Solov’ev,A. V. Mishonov,S. T. Besiktepe |
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Abstract
A review of the hydro-optical studies in the Black Sea from 1922 till now is presented. Seasonal and long-term variability of the Black Sea optical parameters are analysed using data sets from the data bases of Marine Hydrophysical Institute (Ukraine) and Institute of Marine Sciences (Turkey). A dramatic decrease in the water transparency was observed during 1986–1992. This coincided with significant changes of the spectral distribution of optical parameters. The main reasons of such changes are eutrophication, influence of the biological invader . on the sea ecosystem, and the natural 11 year solar cycle.
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,Influence of Anthropogenic Impact on the Physiology of Some Black Sea Fish Species, |
G. E. Shulman,A. Ya. Stolbov,E. V. Ivleva,V. Ya. Shchepkin,G. S. Minyuk |
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Abstract
The effect of the two major factors of aquatic environment (oxygen deficiency and food supply) on the physiology of Black Sea fish was investigated..A considerable decrease of the rate of the oxygen uptake and sharp increase of the rate of the nitrogen excretion was observed in three fish species . during experiments of short-term and long-term hypoxia. The decline of the value of O:N quotient from 40-80 to 2-7 was also observed. The data obtained indicated the involvement of proteins and nitrogenous compounds in the energy metabolism of fish under low oxygen concentration in water. The results are discussed in relation to the adaptation of fish to oxygen deficiency mostly of anthropogenic origin..Moreover, the disintegrating effect of the long-term hypoxia on the structure of muscle fiber was found in golden grey mullet (. and round goby . in histological assay. The presumable scheme of the muscle destruction mechanism is suggested..Additionally, data on the fatness of the Black Sea sprat by the end of the feeding season for the period from 1960 to 1996 are presented. These data are discussed in connection with monitoring of the nutritive base and food supply of planktivorous fish
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,International Mussel Watch (UNESCO/IOC) in the Black Sea: A Pilot Study for Biological Effects and |
M. N. Moore,D. M. Lowe,R. J. Wedderburn,T. Wade,G. Balashov,H. Büyükgüngör,Y. Daurova,Y. Denga,E. Ko |
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Abstract
The Black Sea is under increasing stress as a result of inputs of contaminants and eutrophying discharges. This study was an attempt to implement a Pilot “Mussel Watch” programme (supported by UNESCO-IOC, International Mussel Watch) to assess the health of mussel populations in the Black Sea. By utilising mussels for biological monitoring those areas suffering poor environmental quality can be identified. A simple non-injurious test using blood cells as a biological marker (lysosomal integrity/neutral red retention) of pollutant effect was deployed. Contaminants (PAHs, PCBs, selected pesticides and trace metals) were also measured in the tissues of mussels from some sites (Bulgaria and Ukraine). This data was supplemented with the results of a rapid source inventory of land based discharges (World Health Organisation) into the Black Sea..The results of the “Mussel Watch Pilot Study” clearly showed that there were harmful effects at sites where there were known anthropogenic inputs, as identified in a WHO Inventory. Samples taken from recreational sites and sites well removed from significant anthropogenic influences showed no evidence of pathological perturbation. The effects measu
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,Database and Database Management System of the TU-Black Sea Project, |
V. L. Vladimirov,S. T. Besiktepe,D. G. Aubrey |
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Abstract
Development of the unique regional, multi-disciplinary database created within the framework of the NATO TU-Black Sea project is given. Database contains principal physical, chemical and biological variables for the entire Black Sea basin and covers the most crucial period in the history of the Black Sea ecosystem starting from the “background” situation in 1960-th till the drastic changes occurred recent years. Database is supplied with the special powerful database management system.
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,GIS for Regional Seas Programmes: A Case Study: The Black Sea, |
Vladimir O. Mamaev,David G. Aubrey,Oleg Musin |
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Abstract
The Geographic Information System (GIS) has become a valuable tool for management of environmental resources. Recent applications to the marine realm have shown how a variety of diverse types of information can be presented simply and clearly, bringing together political, social, economic, scientific and management data in a visual format. The Black Sea GIS was developed as part of the Black Sea Environmental Programme of the Global Environmental Facility, taking some two years to develop with assistance of all Black Sea country specialists. The goal of the GIS was to present data in a graphic fashion, using a sophisticated Navigator to allow computer non-specialists to access a myriad of graphical data types. The IBM-compatible platform was chosen as the most frequent in the region, and a “home-grown” GIS was developed to be distributed free to users, to preclude the need for users to acquire expensive GIS software. The expense of GIS software is a specific impediment to its widespread use, particularly in the cash-poor Black Sea region where economic shifts inhibit free access to sophisticated software. The resulting GIS, consisting of some 600 individual maps and layers, provide
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,Towards Development of an Operational Marine Services System in the Black Sea, |
V. Ryabinin,M. Popova,J. Poitevin,P. Daniel,A. Frolov,G. Kortchev |
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Abstract
In this paper a research and technological development program aimed at setting up a modern system of operational . Sea .ine Services (BLACKMARS) is described. Its idea was expressed at the first session of the IOC Regional Committee for the Black Sea (Varna, September 1996). The program is seen as a regional project of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Program initiated and supported by the IOC of UNESCO and other international organisations. BLACKMARS is to be based on cooperative efforts of all riparian countries. The main activity within BLACKMARS will be the organisation of operational generation and distribution of real — time marine meteorological and oceanographic products based on observations and up-to-date numerical models in accordance with regional user requirements.
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发表于 2025-3-21 17:57:56
