Titlebook: English Society in the Later Middle Ages; Class, Status and Ge S. H. Rigby Textbook 1995Latest edition S. H. Rigby 1995 England.ideology.Mi

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Order as social closure II: the clergyand (chapter 5), this does . mean that we need abandon the concept of stratification by social order and simply analyse medieval society in terms of its class relations and property rights. On the contrary, the view of medieval England as a society of orders does serve an extremely useful purpose in

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Gender as social closure: women, female or hermaphrodite’, although even hermaphrodites were said to be closer to either the male or to the female pole, ‘according to the predominance of their sexual organs’. The inequality of men and women was thus seen as a fundamental aspect of contemporary social structure: ‘women differ from

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Status-group as social closure: the Jewsy which specific social groups gain a privileged position for themselves at the expense of other groups can be grounded in ‘virtually any attribute — race, language, social origin, religion’. Closure in such cases is dependent upon inclusion within, or exclusion from, a status-group whose members sh

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Social ideology: closure legitimated?d status-group. But how were such forms of exclusion maintained and reproduced? One answer, in the case of gender in particular, is that contemporary forms of exclusion themselves divided those who were excluded, preventing the emergence of any sense of shared identity or common interest on the part

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Conclusionmembership of classes, orders, status-groups and genders. Each type of exclusion could be enforced by means of one or more of the three major dimensions of social power: economic, coercive and ideological. Since individuals were members of multiple systacts and because the different forms of power i

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The Multiple Ligament Injured Kneethe forms and extent of such social closure were by no means fixed. On the contrary, they underwent a number of shifts during the later middle ages. When our period begins, in the early thirteenth century, England’s landlords were on the offensive, working their demesnes with labour-services, tighte