Titlebook: Endoscopy in Early Gastrointestinal Cancers, Volume 2; Treatment Philip W. Y. Chiu,Yasushi Sano,Rajvinder Singh Book 2021 Springer Nature S

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Individualism-Collectivism and Saving Face, of ≥1000 μm or lesions with lymphovascular involvement, poorly differentiated/signet-ring cell/mucinous carcinoma, or budding grades 2 and 3 (high-risk submucosally invasive cancer); and surgical colorectomy with lymph node dissection is indicated. Endoscopists should know how to appropriately manage these lesions since ER is not always perfect.

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Toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes2 mg/dL or the requirement for blood transfusion [2]. However, these definitions have not been established on the basis of solid evidence. The presence of marked bloody stool after treatment or the requirement for a certain measure for hemostasis after treatment is often defined as delayed bleeding.

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Management of Non-curative Resection and Local Recurrence After Endoscopic Resection: Non-curative onfined to the superficial part of the esophageal wall. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), rather than endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), is the preferred approach owing to the superior performance to tackle potential submucosal fibrosis in these conditions.

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Management of Non-curative Resection and Local Recurrence after Endoscopic Resection: Non-curative patients, additional surgery should be considered carefully based not only on the tumor-related factors, but also on the patient factors, such as age, comorbidities, PS, dementia, and Patient’s and family’s opinions on life and death.

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