| 书目名称 | Emerging Concepts in Endocrine Structure and Functions | | 编辑 | Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi | | 视频video | | | 概述 | Presents interaction of pineal and adrenal glands on circadian rhythm.Discusses the essential role of stem cells in endocrine system.Reviews biochemical and metabolic aspects of adipose tissue | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | .This book uniquely presents conceptual understanding as well as advancements in the field of endocrinology. It emphasizes the harmonization between the function and the structure of different endocrine glands in the body. The book‘s initial chapters introduce hormones‘ biological synthesis, structure, function, and signaling pathways. The subsequent chapters examine the functional relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland and its leading and regulating roles on other endocrine and non- endocrine organs. A separate chapter discusses the synergistic functions of adrenal glands and pineal gland in the circadian rhythm and analyze the role of corticoids in carbohydrate and mineral metabolism. Furthermore, the book addresses the role of growth hormones, prolactin, gonads regulating hormones, adrenocorticotropin, thyroid hormones, parathormone, gluco- and mineral corticoids, insulin and glucagon,. .Physiology of bone remodeling is presented with the role of parathyroid glands, C cells and vitamin D explaining the bone as an endocrine organ. The regulation of male and female reproductive functions is represented well. Lastly, the book reviews the novel endocrine role and met | | 出版日期 | Book 2022 | | 关键词 | Endocrine; Circadian rhythm; Stem cells; Growth hormone; Adipokines | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9016-7 | | isbn_softcover | 978-981-16-9018-1 | | isbn_ebook | 978-981-16-9016-7 | | copyright | The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapor |
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Front Matter |
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Abstract
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,Introduction to Endocrinology, |
Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi |
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Abstract
Endocrine (hormones) system and central nerve system are two types of communication system between different parts of the body through chemical and electrical signals, to keep the body homeostasis against internal and external stresses. Endocrine system controls important functions such as metabolism, reproduction and homeostasis by regulating secretion of molecular messengers known as hormones from glands located throughout the body. This chapter defines the location and function of endocrine glands and explains how coordination between endocrine and nerve cells regulates secretion of hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines and electrical signals. Hormone has been defined primarily as a stimulant, inhibitor, or chemical messenger that after releasing in the systemic circulation imparts specific change in cellular activity of targeted cells. Present classification of hormones delivery describes autocrine signal where the sender cell is the origin/identical to the receptor cell. Matching to this state, paracrine signalling defines signalling from a hormone-producing cell to a near target cell. Juxtacrine signalling explains the delivery of signals from adjacent cells by direct contac
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,Biological Synthesis of Hormones in Endocrine Cell, |
Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi |
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Abstract
Hormones are chemical molecules released by various specific cells into the bloodstream or through other signaling and exert biological effects. Hormones are categorized on the basis of synthesis such as derived from amino acids, tyrosine (catecholamines, dopamine, and thyroid hormones), tryptophan (serotonin and melatonin), histidine (histamine), cholesterol (steroids), and phospholipids (eicosanoids), as well as terpenes. Each hormone has its own cycle that includes synthesis, secretion, signal, utilization, and degradation. Their synthesis, half-life, reception, and degradation are controlled wisely to regulate the body functions. The path from synthesis until degradation is a very precise, specific, and timely process. The degradation and downregulation of hormone and its receptors, respectively, are utilized currently as therapeutic management in some disease such as diabetes type 2 and some tumors.
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,Mechanism of Hormones Secretion and Action, |
Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi,Meneerah A. Aljfary,Hanan Aldossary,Thamer Alshammari,Ayman AL-Qaaneh,Razan Al |
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Abstract
Endocrine system has vital roles and is influenced by complex factors and signaling to achieve accurate rhythm and patterns of hormone secretion and effects. The endocrine system effect is slow to start but it can take long-term actions. Endocrine system is an integrated communicative tool for the human body, performing various functions through its hormones as chemical messengers. The pituitary gland is the master regulator of the endocrine system, which coordinates and controls the function of other glands in the body through secretion and signals of stimulating/inhibiting hormones. The signal transduction mechanism of the hormones is mediated by binding with cell surface receptors and stimulating multifactorial downstream targets including second messengers involving cyclic adenine monophosphate (cAMP), calcium ions, and 3-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), to induce cellular response and physiological functions. Hormones govern receptor regulation and number, regulate ion transport and membrane permeability, regulate substances and minerals in the blood and cells. Due to their highly restricted functions, the elasticity and plasticity of human endocrine system suggest a pow
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,The Pituitary Gland: Functional Relationship with the Hypothalamus, Structure, and Physiology, |
Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi,Firdos Alam Khan |
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Abstract
The pituitary gland is the most important endocrine gland as it controls many of the body’s functions such as growth, maturation, metabolism, reproduction and coping, responding to stress, daily rhythm, and ageing. The pituitary performs a key role in the regulation of several physiological functions in association and interactions with different hormones and growth factors. The pituitary gland is small in size and is located at the base of the skull within a depression in the sphenoid bone (sella turcica). This site allows for functional and anatomical connections with the hypothalamus via the portal blood system. The pituitary consists of two lobes: the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) which has a rich supply of nerves and contains pituicytes, whereas the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) has less of a nerve supply. The adenohypophysis is divided into three parts entirely derived from Rathke’s pouch; they are: (1) Pars distalis. (2) Pars intermedia located between the pars distalis and the posterior pituitary. (3) Pars tuberalis, a longitudinal collection of secretory cells with a good blood supply. The pituitary gland also contains stem cells which play role in turnover, cell diff
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,Thyroid Glands: Physiology and Structure, |
Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi,Firdos Alam Khan |
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Abstract
Thyroid gland is an important endocrine gland. It is essential for life as it represents the main and only source of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland synthesizes, stores, and releases thyroid hormones that are received by the entire body tissues by specific receptors for its importance in the regulation of energy and metabolism. Thyroid hormones regulate many physiological functions such as thermogenesis, reproduction, female ovarian cycle, and lactation. They are also crucial for regulating appropriate brain growth in infants and metabolic functions in adults, in addition to a broad array of functions on each organ and system. The gland is smaller in females than in males as its development is slower in females. In both sexes, the thyroid’s volume increases with increasing age, and with bodyweight which has the clearest effect. The thyroid is made up of large numbers of follicles (Fig. .). The basic functional unit of the thyroid gland is the follicle (acinus) which has a diameter of 15–500 μm. It has a rich blood supply and contains a network of capillaries to support its functions and variable body demands. The follicular epithelium comprises a single layer of cuboidal cells
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,Bone Remodeling Physiology: Regulation of Parathyroid Glands, C Cells, Vitamin D, and Bone as an En |
Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi |
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Abstract
The chapter also discusses the location, tissue structure of parathyroid glands, and important functions of PTH. PTH performs its functions in coordination with calcitonin and the active forms vitamin D to regulate calcium levels in the circulation. On another hand, bone is commonly known as a passive tissue, it is recently reported as an endocrine organ produces regulators, osteocalcin hormone, sclerostin and lipocalin that integrate with PTH and influences other metabolic functions. Calcium metabolism regulating hormones, PTH, PTHrP-1, and their derivatives roles have been explained through their receptors in the bones, intestines, kidney tissue, placenta, and breasts as well heart. Physiological functions of biologically active forms of vitamin D are discussed with different origin cell types for parathyroid differentiation. PTH has paradoxical and therapeutic effect as anabolic hormone on bone formation. The integration between PTH, calcitonin, and vitamin D active forms is significantly required for the formation and remodeling of the bone and on stem cell and hematopoietic progenitor cells differentiation. Different origins for parathyroid differentiation are established from
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,Adrenal Glands, Pineal Gland, and the Circadian Rhythm: Structure and Physiology, |
Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi,Firdos Alam Khan |
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Abstract
The adrenal glands are located at the top of each kidney towards the front and weighs around 5 g. Each gland measures 4 cm, weighs 4–5 g, and has a thickness of 3 cm. The adrenal glands are highly vascularized and divided anatomically and physiologically into two different areas in terms of blood supply, innervation, and functions. Each gland consists of three different structures regarding origin, anatomy, histology, physiology, and regulation. The adrenal cortex comprises three zones: the glomerulosa, the fasciculata, and the reticularis, they produce mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal sex hormones, respectively. A novel zone has been identified between the glomerulosa and the fasciculata zones and this zone was titled as undifferentiated cell zone, where cells can proliferate and migrate bidirectionally to zona glomerulosa and to zona fasciculata centripetally. The pineal gland is called pineal body that is attached to the posterior aspect of the third ventricle by means of a short stem containing sympathetic neural axes penetrating the gland tissue which is connected to the hypothalamus. It contains many cells such as pinealocytes, neuroglial cells, interstitial c
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,Endocrine Pancreas and Glucose Metabolism, |
Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi,Meneerah A. Aljfary,Firdos Alam Khan |
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Abstract
Pancreas gland located in the upper abdomen region plays two important roles as digestive exocrine gland and hormones releasing endocrine gland. Exocrine gland composed of tiny masses called “acini” secretes enzymes for digestion. Pancreatic islets (Langerhans) as clusters or islets are responsible for important hormones secretion such as peptide hormone insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide. Dysfunction in pancreatic islet leads to metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus. The cells of pancreatic islets (α, β and δ cells) involve in the physiological and metabolic functions of insulin, correlation between immunity/insulin imbalances, cardiovascular functions. The α cells make up 20–25% of pancreatic islet cells in humans whereas β cells comprise 60–80% of islet cells in humans and mammals and δ cells comprise approximately 3–5% of islet cells. In addition, pancreas also contains polypeptide cells which are known as pancreatic polypeptide cells and these make up around 5% of pancreatic islet cells. Physiological and pathological conditions of different pancreatic hormones are also discussed in great details with suitable examples. Pancreatic progenitor
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,Regulation of Male and Female Reproductive Functions, |
Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi,Firdos Alam Khan,A. M. Homeida |
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Abstract
Reproduction is an important biological process of species evolution, it is leading to new offspring from parents. The pituitary gland (the master gland) in the endocrine system in coordination with the hypothalamus plays a vital role in the reproductive system, differentiation, and different physiological functions in the entire stages of life and its circadian rhythm in both males and females. The chapter deals with the prominent role played by the brain, endocrine system, and gonads axis through complex communicating signals. The male gonads are the location of testicles, interstitial tissue (Leydig cells), and peritubular myoid cells. Sertoli cells act as “nurse and stem” cells, spermatogenesis, spermiogenesis were explained. Gonad’s steroid hormones (Androgens) characteristics are specified in male reproductive activity, biological actions along with the regulator hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and hypothalamic–pituitary–Leydig cell axis. Ovaries are female reproductive glands. The chapter describes the tissue zones of ovaries, puberty, and two main functions (exocrine and endocrine) controlled and coordinated by the hypothalamus and the pituitary
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,Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ and a Glance on Local Hormones, |
Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi |
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Abstract
The role of adipose issue for fat storage and energy production is well known, but this classic function doesn’t reflect its significant effects as an endocrine tissue as well as immune mediator. Adipose tissue secretes soluble peptides like adipocytokines, adipokines, cytokines, chemokines expressed in coordination with central nervous system (CNS) and pituitary gland. Adipose tissue reacts differentially to physiological or metabolic stress by secreting aforementioned endocrine factors to cope with metabolic and immune processes including, appetite control, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity glucose homeostasis, tissue and skin repair, bone turnover and inflammation response. Adipose tissue-derived adipocytes produce adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, resistin, apelin, chemerin, adipsin, kisspeptin, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) which act as local (paracrine) and systemic (endocrine) signals on the organs expresses their receptors on the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, β-cells of pancreas, the liver, muscle skeletal, muscle systems. Under stress and metabolic syndrome, immune cells of adipose tissue accelerate a proinflammatory response with pe
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发表于 2025-3-21 18:33:59
