Titlebook: Embassies to China; Diplomacy and Cultur Michael Keevak Book 2017 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 Embassies to premode

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,Holland and “Trade”,w and the presentation of native gifts. Only then would a foreign nation be allowed to trade. This was a mode of thinking that did not stress mutuality at all; it was a hierarchy with the emperor at the summit and China as the center of the world.

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of global modernity through Europe’s early encounter with C.This text is a timely and wide-ranging study providing essential background to the development of global modernity through the European encounter with China. Considering differing notions of peace, empire, trade, religion, and diplomacy as

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Leistungssystem von Medienunternehmen “peace,” which meant something very different when it was translated into the languages used by the Mongols during this period. The West expected a mutual peace treaty and the laying down of arms, but in the Mongol world “peace” meant capitulation, in other words, that the West would agree to become subservient to Mongol authority.

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