Titlebook: Elements of Data Science, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence Using R; Frank Emmert-Streib,Salissou Moutari,Matthias Dehm Textbo

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合乎习俗

General Error Measures start by introducing four so-called fundamental errors from which most error measures are derived. Then, we discuss 14 different error measures. Finally, we discuss the evaluation of the outcome of a single method and that of multiple methods, showing that such an evaluation is a complex task that

Exterior

Resampling Methodse different from the other methods presented in this book. As we will see, resampling and subsampling methods allow the generation of “new” data sets from any given data set, which can then be used either for the assessment of a prediction model or for the estimation of parameters.

旧石器时代

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Statistical Inferencen reality, a sample of data always has a finite size, any conclusions reached about the population are always uncertain to a degree. The goal of statistics is to quantify the amount of uncertainty around the conclusions that are made based on a sample of data. In general, . is the (systematic) proce

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出处

Dimension Reductiont or non-informative, which generally hinders the ability of most machine learning algorithms to perform efficiently. A common approach to address these issues is to check whether a low-dimensional structure can be detected within these high-dimensional data. If the answer is yes, then we can identi

谄媚于人

Classificationuss aspects common to general classification methods. This includes an extension of measures for binary decision-making to multi-class classification problems. As we will see, this extension is not trivial, because the contingency table becomes multi-dimensional when conditioned on different classes

myopia

Hypothesis Testingriginated from statistics, hypothesis testing has complex interdependencies between its procedural components, which makes it hard to thoroughly comprehend. In this chapter, we discuss the underlying logic behind statistical hypothesis testing and the formal meaning of its components and their conne