Titlebook: Electrical Measurement Techniques; For the Physics Labo Lars Bengtsson Book 2024 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exc

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The quality assurance programme, expectation value, the variance, and the standard deviation of a stochastic variable are defined, and the difference between the . variance and the . variance is stressed. This leads to interval estimations, the Student-. distribution, and the central limit theorem.

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https://doi.org/10.1007/b139084. This should always be done by setting up an .. This chapter introduces the uncertainty budget and defines concepts like the coverage factor, the standard uncertainty, and the effective degrees of freedom.

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Spectrum Analyzers, kinds of analyzers are treated in this chapter, but the focus is on sampling systems based on the fast Fourier transform. Fundamental spectrum concepts like spectral leakage and windows, resolution bandwidth, and heterodyne analyzers are highlighted and illustrated by examples.

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