Titlebook: Earth, Our Living Planet; The Earth System and Philippe Bertrand,Louis Legendre Book 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Earth.Living

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,The Atmosphere: Connections with the Earth’s Mass and Distance from the Sun,and the Goldilocks principle, which refers to the children’s story “The Three Bears”. It is explained that two conditions that allow planet Earth to retain its atmosphere are its relatively large mass and safe distance from the Sun. Comparing the different atmospheres of Earth and Venus shows that t

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,Thermal Habitability: Connection with the Earth’s Motion Around the Sun,n the solar radiation flux and their effects on organisms. The presence of the Moon likely favoured the general occurrence on Earth of climatic conditions suitable for organisms since their establishment on the planet about 4 billion years ago. The chapter also describes the atmospheric and oceanic

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Overall Habitability: Connections with Geological and Astronomical Events and Processes,of major crashes in habitability. Biological innovations have also caused major changes in overall habitability. These innovations include oxygen-producing photosynthesis, calcification, silicification, methanogenesis, oxygen respiration, and multicellularity. The overall habitability of Earth is af

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Liquid Water: Connections with the Outer Reaches of the Solar System,water during the history of the planet, and describes the Earth’s water cycle. The early formation of a planet-wide ocean, in which atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO.) was rapidly trapped into solid calcium carbonate (CaCO.), largely determined the fate of Earth. Indeed, the concentration of atmospheri

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The Building Blocks of Organisms: Connections with Gravitation,ion is one of the fundamental characteristics of the Universe, which largely controlled the distribution of chemical elements on Earth since very early in the history of the planet. Because of gravitation, the lighter chemical elements rose to the surface of the still fluid Earth, which concentrated

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,The Long-Term Atmosphere: Connections with the Earth’s Magnetic Field,mosphere and the water of the planet. The magnetic field protects the Earth’s atmosphere, and the latter shields the liquid water from loss to space. The presence of the liquid ocean was a key factor in the development of ecosystems and the build-up of large biomasses. In addition, organisms on cont

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Feedbacks in the Earth System,f atmospheric oxygen—and describes how major negative feedback loops contribute to regulate these characteristics at various timescales ranging from hundreds of years to tens of millions of years. For example, the history of free oxygen (O.) on Earth began with the emergence of O.-photosynthetic org

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The Global Earth System: Past and Present,es distant events at the onset of the Anthropocene, followed by the growth of human population and its effects on the environment. The Chapter concludes on examples that explain how, during the second part of the twentieth century, countries acted in concert to reduce or eliminate the causes of larg

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The Global Earth System: Present and Future,, and that of mitigation to avoid the unmanageable. Adaptation and mitigation are illustrated using sea level rise as example. The text then looks at possible states of the Earth System beyond the twenty-first century, which are: a long interglacial; a very long interglacial; shifting from the prese