Titlebook: Drug Delivery Challenges and Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Retinal Diseases; Christopher L. Cioffi Book 2020 Springer Nature Switzerlan

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Introduction: Overview of the Human Eye, Mammalian Retina, and the Retinoid Visual Cycle,x anatomy has evolved to effectively focus incoming light from the surrounding environment and to harness its energy by efficiently utilizing the physicochemical properties of retinoids. This remarkable organ is capable of phototransduction, which involves the conversion of photon energy into an int

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Ocular Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery Challenges,eakdown of the blood-retinal barrier or complications of neovascularization, two consequences of angiogenesis. These pathophysiologic processes are driven by chemokines and cytokines (particularly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)), which are upregulated by vascular and inflammatory damage t

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Recent Developments for the Treatment of Glaucoma,umber growing to over 110 million in 2040. The prevalence of glaucoma coupled with the unfortunate reality that the disease still progresses in 30–80% of patients prescribed the standard of care has led to continued interest in glaucoma drug discovery. This chapter reviews advances in glaucoma thera

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Emerging Gene Therapy Approaches Under Clinical Investigation for Retinal Degenerative Diseases,but the number of clinical gene therapy trials has been very limited. The improved visual function outcomes in individuals affected by retinal dystrophy caused by biallelic variants in the RPE65 gene after gene therapy treatment contributed to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European M

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