Titlebook: Difficult Cases in Endourology; Ahmed M. Al-Kandari,Mahesh Desai,Arthur D. Smith Book 2013 Springer-Verlag London 2013 Andrology.Endourolo

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Patrick Velte,Stefan C. Weber,Thies Lentferuring general anesthesia during a series of PCNL for staghorn stones, the operation was found to be a challenge because of the possibility of fluid absorption, dilutional anemia, hypothermia, or significant blood loss.

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Retrograde Nephrostomy Access: Overcoming the Difficulties,ical therapy in poor surgical candidates with stone disease. In 1976, percutaneous nephrolithotomy replaced open surgery in the management of renal calculi when the removal of a renal calculus through a percutaneous nephrostomy was described.

INCUR

Visceral Complications of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL),nd lower calyceal stones. The efficacy of PCNL has increased with the improvement and introduction of new instruments such as the flexible nephroscope, the ureteroscope, and intracorporeal lithotripsy technology (ultrasound, pneumatic, and laser devices).

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