Titlebook: Detecting Environmental Radioactivity; Manuel García-León Textbook 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive l

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Principles of Radiation Detection: Counting and Spectrometry,. A general definition of radiation detectors based on the concepts of interaction of radiation with matter previously described is introduced. Then, the more relevant detector parameters, such as counting efficiency, dead time, energy spectrum, energy resolution, and detector background, are descri

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Dosimeters, Other Detectors, and Specific Designs,s are also described, as they are used for environmental radioactivity, mostly for .Rn determinations. Δ.–. telescopes and time-of-flight detectors are very much used in conventional or accelerator-based mass spectrometry. They are presented in this chapter as well. The operating principles of Chere

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Principles of Low-Level Counting and Spectrometry, the use of specific counting or spectrometry techniques, different from those conventionally used. The principles of these new Low-Level Counting (LLC) Techniques are given in this chapter. The evaluation of LLC systems is carried out by studying the concept called Figure of Merit (FOM), which is p

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Low-Level Counting and Spectrometry Techniques,rent methods for background suppression and counting efficiency increase are described. Passive and active shielding techniques are of paramount importance in Environmental Radioactivity as well as the use of high-counting-efficiency detectors. Both allow one to design the LLC experiment with better

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Principles of Mass Spectrometry, when the radionuclide is long lived, its concentration is very low, or both, it is convenient to directly count the number of atoms instead of the emitted radiation. Therefore, mass spectrometry techniques are very useful, and the main goal of this chapter is to introduce their general principles.

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Principles of Particle Accelerators, Before we describe in this chapter a new device, the accelerator, which coupled to a mass spectrometer, helps to improve the sensitivity of mass spectrometric applications in environmental radioactivity. Thus, electrostatic and radiofrequency field-based accelerators, such as Van de Graaff, Cockcro