Titlebook: Crystallography; Walter Borchardt-Ott Textbook 19931st edition Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1993 Chrystallography.Crystallography.Cry

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https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230111967Crystal chemistry is concerned with the crystal structure of the elements and of chemical compounds. It attempts to explain why particular types of crystal structures arise under specific conditions. It is, however, still only possible to understand how relatively simple crystal structures arise from the atoms that make them up.

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Steven L. Gardiner,Angie Reed GarnerThe Solutions to a few exercises are incomplete, as the drawings would require too much space.

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Introduction,At the heart of crystallography lies an object — the .. Crystallography is concerned with the laws governing the crystalline state of solid materials, with the arrangement of atoms in crystals, and with their physical and chemical properties, their synthesis and their growth.

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The Crystalline State,The outward appearance of a crystal is exceptionally variable, but all the variations which occur can be explained in terms of a single fundamental principle. To grasp this, we must first come to terms with the nature of the crystalline state. The following are a few properties that are characteristic of crystals:

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The Lattice and Its Properties,A three-dimensional periodic arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules is always present in all crystals. This is particularly obvious for the α-polonium crystal illustrated in Fig. 2.1. If each atom is represented simply by its centre of gravity, what remains is a . or . (Fig. 2.1b).

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Crystal Structure,In order to progress from a lattice to a crystal, the points of the lattice must be occupied by atoms, ions or molecules. Because the points are all identical, the collections of objects occupying them must also be equal. In general, crystals are not built up so simply as the crystal of α-polonium in Fig. 2.1!

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Principles of Symmetry,Up to now, the only repetition operation that we have used formally has been the lattice translation: the operation of three non-coplanar lattice translations on a point which gives rise to the space lattice.