Titlebook: Complexity in Landscape Ecology; David G. Green,Nicholas I. Klomp,Suzanne Sadedin Book 2020Latest edition Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2

Flatter

Statistical Analysis of Management Datand environmental variations lead to distribution patterns, especially clumps, patches, boundaries and zones. Pollen and charcoal analyses show that fires can trigger rapid changes in forest composition. Phylogeography makes it possible to trace postglacial migrations and genetic variation.

BIDE

cutlery

OTHER

Multivariate Normal Distribution,vilisations. Those events provide lessons for current ecological challenges, especially global climate change and loss of biodiversity. The economic imperative for constant growth poses a major challenge for global conservation.

寡头政治

Seeing the Wood for the Trees: Emergent Order in Growth and Behaviour,we see. Systems of rules, called L-systems can capture the organisation of branching patterns and other features of growing plants. Simple rules of behaviour can explain many features of animal behaviour; multi-agent simulations use these rules to model community organisation and interaction with the environment.

intention

Complexity in Landscapes,r automata, which represent a landscape as a grid of sites, are often used to model processes in landscapes. These models highlight the phase change that occurs between connected and fragmented landscapes.

腐败

,Oh, What a Tangled Web … Complex Networks in Ecology,l interactions, including critical collapse. Ecosystems are really interconnected networks of many kinds, so changed conditions in one network can affect the entire ecosystem. One example of this was the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park, which initiated a trophic cascade that transformed the landscape.

相互影响

,The Imbalance of Nature … Feedback and Stability in Ecosystems,ilibrium is difficult to achieve and maintain. Systems often exhibit sensitivity to initial conditions and chaotic behaviour. Negative feedback promotes stability. Positive feedback is destabilizing, but also promotes the emergence of large-scale order in complex systems.

情感脆弱

gregarious

Living with the Neighbours: Competition and Stability in Communities,vasion. Positive and negative feedback play crucial roles in food webs and determine whether complex ecosystems are stable. Structural complexity, including landscape patterns and species mix, is crucial in maintaining the resilience of ecosystems.