| 书目名称 | Clusters and Competitive Advantage | | 副标题 | The Turkish Experien | | 编辑 | Özlem Öz | | 视频video | http://file.papertrans.cn/229/228557/228557.mp4 | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | This book aims to clarify the link between geographic clustering and international competitiveness in light of the Turkish experience, a subject that is high on the agendas of researchers as well as policy makers and strategic planners. The key findings of the study are discussed with respect to the recent debates on clusters to provide a full account of what the Turkish experience, when looked from the viewpoint of the strategic management discipline, offers to further intellectual thinking on clusters. | | 出版日期 | Book 2004 | | 关键词 | cluster; clusters; competitiveness; management; research; strategic management | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230512467 | | isbn_softcover | 978-1-349-51842-5 | | isbn_ebook | 978-0-230-51246-7 | | copyright | Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 2004 |
| 1 |
Front Matter |
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Abstract
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| 2 |
,Introduction: A Background to Clusters, |
Özlem Öz |
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Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of geographic clusters by first discussing the origins of cluster thinking and milestone contributions to the field. Selected examples of clusters in developed and developing countries are then provided in the second section. This is followed by a discussion on the definition of clusters, concentrating on their distinguishing characteristics compared with industrial districts and networks. The final section is devoted to the central issue of this study, that is, the link between clustering and competitiveness.
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| 3 |
,Clusters in the Management Literature, |
Özlem Öz |
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Abstract
This chapter provides a review and discussion of recent debates on clusters in the management literature in order to complete the background on clusters presented in the previous chapter. An additional purpose of the chapter is to highlight the unique contribution made by the management literature in this regard. As Porter’s (1990, 1998) approach directly parallels the central concern of this study due to its focus on the link between clusters and competitiveness, the discussion will pay special attention to this approach and the literature it has spawned, after considering some recent studies in the general management literature that focus on different aspects of the issue.
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| 4 |
,Industrial Clusters in Turkey, |
Özlem Öz |
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Abstract
During the first ten years of the newly established Republic of Turkey (1923–32), state involvement in economic activities was rather limited. This was mainly because (1) the basic principles adopted in the Izmir Economic Congress (1923) committed the government to the establishment of a private enterprise economy, and (2) some economy-related provisions in the Lausanne Treaty (1924) considerably restricted the area in which the government could operate. For instance the country was bound to apply the Ottoman tariffs for another five years. Over this period little was achieved in terms of industrialization since the private sector lacked the necessary technological competence and capital. These factors, combined with external ones such as the Great Depression, were enough to convince the policy makers that the private sector could not be entrusted with the task of leading the country’s economic development. This marked the beginning of a new period (1933–45) in Turkish economic history called ‘etatism’, during which the government heavily intervened in the production of goods and services. The First Five Year Industrialization Plan (1934–38) placed strong emphasis on the industrial
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| 5 |
,The Furniture Cluster in Ankara, |
Özlem Öz |
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Abstract
In many industrialized countries the furniture sector accounts for about 2–4 per cent of the production value of the manufacturing sector. The EU furniture industry is particularly strong, accounting for about half of the world’s production. Table 4.1 shows the market shares of the top ten exporters of furniture (SITC 821) in 1991–2000. As can be seen, Italy had the highest share with an impressive 17 per cent. Moreover Italy maintained its leading position throughout the period, while the export share of the runner-up, Germany, dropped from 15 per cent to around 9 per cent. The latter figure matched the US share, which remained fairly stable. The share of Canada, on the other hand, increased considerably in the second half of the 1990s and reached a significant 9 per cent. The shares of the two other important furniture producers, France and Denmark, fell slightly, each stabilizing at about 4 per cent. Belgium and Luxemburg also suffered a gradual decline from 4.5 per cent to 3 per cent. A similar market share (3 per cent) was captured by the United Kingdom, whose stake remained relatively stable. Meanwhile China and Poland emerged as new players and gradually increased their shar
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| 6 |
,The Towel and Bathrobe Cluster in Denizli, |
Özlem Öz |
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Abstract
Textile production starts with the main inputs — natural or man-made fibres, dyes and chemicals — and involves two major operations, namely yarn preparation and fabric weaving. Although there are firms of all sizes operating at the various stages of production, larger firms have become increasingly dominant as the industry has become more and more capital-intensive. More than half of the output of the industry is used by clothing manufacturers. The rest goes to the manufacturers of household goods (for example bedclothes) and industrial goods (for example vehicle seat upholstery). Compared with the textile industry, the clothing industry is more labour-intensive and the technology used is less sophisticated. Distributors have become increasingly important in this sector due to the dominance of retail activities by large firms, a phenomenon that has affected the organization and geography of clothing manufacture (Dicken, 1998) since the Industrial Revolution. First Britain and then other developed countries such as Germany and France moved into the mass production of textiles, often in localized clusters. Later on the industry grew rapidly in developing countries and either stagnate
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,The Carpet Cluster in Gaziantep, |
Özlem Öz |
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Abstract
For many centuries Turkey has been one of the world’s top exporters of carpets. It is competitive in all sections of the industry, although its position is especially strong in hand-woven wool carpets and machine-woven carpets. The main competitors in the hand-woven sector are Iran, India, Pakistan and China, while Belgium, the United States, the Netherlands, Germany and Italy are the leading competitors in the machine-woven sector. The monetary value of indirect exports of hand-woven carpets alone — that is, those sold to tourists visiting Turkey — amounts to more than $1 billion a year SPO (2001).
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| 8 |
,The Leather Clothing Cluster in Istanbul, |
Özlem Öz |
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Abstract
The processing of leather and production of leather goods are traditional industries in Turkey, and Istanbul has historically been a centre of production and trade in this respect.. This chapter examines the leather clothing cluster in Istanbul, which has gone through a strategic transformation over the past two decades. Interestingly, the change in the strategic orientation of firms has been accompanied by changes in the location of the industry within Istanbul, with the production and sales functions being concentrated in different locales. Specifically, the tanneries and factories are located in Tuzla, and firms that target the upper end of the market have retail outlets in Zeytinburnu while those which target the lower end of the market utilize the marketing channels in Laleli (Figure 7.1). The analysis of this cluster will therefore provide us with new insights into the evolution of competitive advantage in clusters and enable us to comment on the dynamics associated with the location of different activities in the value chain. Additionally, an analysis of the informal Laleli market will provide us with the opportunity to highlight a relatively understudied topic in the litera
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,Conclusions, |
Özlem Öz |
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Abstract
This chapter will first discuss the theoretical implications of the key findings of the cluster analyses with respect to the ongoing debate in the literature on the competitiveness of clusters (see Chapters 1 and 2), and then consider the implications of the study in terms of policy.
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Back Matter |
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Abstract
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