Titlebook: Celestial Messengers; Cosmic Rays: The Sto Mario Bertolotti Book 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 astroparticles.astroparticles.

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10 Leren hanteren van agressie, 1929, the German literature usually referred to cosmic rays as . (ultra-gamma radiation). The reason is that the most penetrating radiations known at those times were the gamma rays from radioactive substances. Indeed, the mean free path of gamma ray photons emitted by these substances in air were

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7b Addendum: juxta-articulaire botcysten,ium and boron with the alpha particles from polonium; in the USA, the . was discovered by Anderson in cosmic rays; and the heavy hydrogen (the . or hydrogen of atomic weight 2: whose nucleus is called .) was found by H. Urey. Also in the USA, J. Cockcroft and E. Walton completed their .; E.O. Lawren

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,Onvrijwillige cliënten en de beroepscode,to the nature of mesons that brought to the discovery—after the muon—of the pion, the K mesons, and started in the 1950s the research on “elementary” particles. The latter was principally made using particle accelerators which allow studying easily in the laboratory of the different interactions by

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,Onvrijwillige cliënten en de beroepscode,ause one believes that by explaining the mechanisms of their origin a better understanding of the implied astrophysical phenomena may be reached. Following the discovery, in 1948, of the presence of practically all atomic elements in the arriving radiation, the establishment of the synchrotron natur

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-6894-5The study of the causes of air ionization had reached a state of total uncertainty, when the Austrian physicist Victor Hess became interested in the problem and started a series of balloon ascents that culminated in a memorable flight in August 1912, which convinced him that the origin of a part of the radiation was extraterrestrial.

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5 Als een meningsverschil escaleert,The researches described until now regarded the nature of cosmic rays on the Earth, but had given no direct information on the nature of the “primary” cosmic rays that are falling on the Earth from outside. This information came from the study of new effects, due to the presence of the Earth’s magnetic field.

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