Titlebook: Breast Cancer in Women of African Descent; Christopher Kwesi O. Williams (Senior Editor),Oluf Book 2006 Springer Science+Business Media B.

Musculoskeletal

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Vertical

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https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137295088 this population (.). The rates of breast cancer incidence in Caucasian women and African American women are 113.2 and 99.3 cases per 100,000, respectively (.). In West Africa, the founder population of most African Americans, breast cancer has been considered to be a rare virulent disease of young

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https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137295088 leading to invasive carcinoma, and ultimately to metastatic adenocarcinoma. Histologically the preinvasive stages of breast neoplasia consist of a sequence of epithelial changes which include hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, and carcinoma in-situ (.–.). All aspects of breast carcinogenesis are be

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https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27487-1cancer is usually diagnosed by pathologic review of a fixed specimen of breast tissue. The biopsy can be obtained by surgically removing part of a palpable mass, or by surgically excising an abnormal area identified by mammogram, with surgical needle localization under x-ray guidance. Alternatively,

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Vulnerable

https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27487-1st the opposite (.). Not only do African-American women have a higher mortality (31.0/100,000) than White women (24.3/100,000) but the mortality rates are falling more rapidly in White women. There are many factors that may contribute to these disparities, such as inequalities in access to healthcar

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https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27487-1 history of the disease is associated with early systemic dissemination, treatment failure and death (.). This led in the 1950’s and 1960’s to the realisation of the need for systemic therapy in conjunction with the local therapy of the cancer either by surgical resection with or without radiation t