Titlebook: Bird Species; How They Arise, Modi Dieter Thomas Tietze Book‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘ 2018 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 Avian Specia

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Song: The Learned Language of Three Major Bird Clades, across the avian tree of life. This provided recent evidence for the theory that song learning can act as a pacemaker of evolution. The spatial variation of song dialects is often correlated with genetic diversification. Extreme cases are small isolated populations, for example, on islands. In the

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Timing Matters: Allochronic Contributions to Population Divergence,their reproductive organs, by their rigid migration programs, and possibly also by their learnt, well-timed mating behaviors (in particular song). We exemplify isolation by time in tropical songbirds and in migratory species. Potentially, further contexts that could promote allochronic isolation in

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Avian Diversity and Distributions and Their Evolution Through Space and Time,y of bird species is greatest in tropical regions near the equator and decreases toward the poles. This pattern, termed the latitudinal diversity gradient, cannot be causally linked to a single mechanism and might be influenced by both evolutionary and ecological processes. Species richness within a

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