Titlebook: Biology of Infectious Disease; From Molecules to Ec Michael G. Milgroom Textbook 2023 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), unde

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Geriatrie in Rehabilitationseinrichtungen,tes) and a dormant cyst stage; many of these are transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Others have multiple morphological stages and complex life cycles; many of these are transmitted by arthropod vectors. Protozoan pathogenesis follows the same overall pattern as in other pathogens, with infection c

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K. Dugi,T. Kassessinoff,P. P. Nawrothwith microbes that facilitate rapid responses to subsequent infection by the same microbe. Adaptive immunity has two main branches. In humoral immunity, B lymphocytes (B cells) secrete antibodies that bind to antigens of invading microbes to prevent them from infecting and target them for destructio

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M. S. Klevesath,S. Schiekofer,P. P. Nawroth degrade immune-related molecules. Insect pathogens and plant pathogens deploy similar strategies for evading host immunity as their counterparts in vertebrate hosts. Some fungi secrete secondary metabolites such as cyclosporin that are immunosuppressive in insects. Plants, insects, and fungi use RN

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Erektile Dysfunktionen bei Diabetikerning nucleic acids into host cells in nanoparticles or viral vectors that are translated into immunogenic protein antigens. Antigenic variation reduces the effectiveness of vaccines, making vaccine development difficult for some pathogens. Ideally, vaccination programs aim to achieve herd immunity, w

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18677-6itical for inhibiting colonization and infection of pathogens (colonization resistance) by competing for resources (nutrition or space) or secreting toxins (bacteriocins). Perturbation of the microbiome by antibiotics allows pathogens like . to overgrow and dominate the gut microbiota, causing sever

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18677-6themselves from the toxic effects of the antibiotics they produced. The widespread use of antibiotics selects for high frequencies of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics used clinically or in livestock production end up in the environment, selecting for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and HGT of resist

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