Titlebook: Biological Rhythms; Vinod Kumar (Professor) Book 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002 Photopheriode.Uhr.biology.circadian.clock.evo

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The Circadian Pacemaking System of Birds,ity and diversity. Birds have the capacity to obtain information about the photic environment by retinal, pineal, and deep encephalic photoreceptors. There are at least three autonomous circadian oscillators involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms at the organismic level, the retina, the pineal gland, and the hypothalamic oscillator.

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Photoperiodism in Plants, The resulting photoperiodic response rhythm (PRR) has a period of about 24 h, shows temperature compensation, and is entrained by light. Light also has a direct (‘acute’) response, inhibiting or promoting induction at particular phases, and so giving rise to the external coincidence model for control of induction.

arthroscopy

Biological Clocks at the End of the 20th Century, negative feedback. This leads to the generation of oscillations because of delay in the feedback loops. Natural selection has often acted to dampen the amplitude of these oscillations but a few have been enhanced and their periods have been adjusted to match closely the periods of astronomical even

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