Titlebook: Bioelectricity; A Quantitative Appro Robert Plonsey,Roger C. Barr Textbook 20002nd edition Springer Science+Business Media New York 2000 br

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Channels,seen in Fig. 3.1, the hydrophilic polar heads are oriented facing the intracellular and extracellular water-containing media while the hydrophobic tails, on the other hand, are internal to the membrane. The biophysical consequence of the lipid is a membrane with the high dielectric constant of oil a

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Extracellular Fields,tion. Because such currents flow into the extracellular medium, they may be detected with extracellular electrodes and even body surface electrodes. The electrocardiogram is a familiar such example: the sources of these body surface potentials are the combined action currents of many cardiac cells.

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Functional Electrical Stimulation, produced. The muscle responds to the artificially initiated nerve signal just as it would a naturally occurring signal. For patients with (for example) spinal cord injury, signals originating in the brain may be unable to reach the desired motoneuron because of a transected cord. In this case, the

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