Titlebook: Behind Locked Doors; A History of the Pap Frederic J. Baumgartner Book 2003 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Nature America Inc. 2003 20.

沙漠

From Apostle to Pope, reigning pope’s death is announced to the world, cardinals and reporters rush to Rome from the farthest corners of the globe. As they assemble in the Eternal City, the drama and tension of the upcoming election begins to build. In the evening of the fifteenth day after the pope’s death, the papal m

Tremor

洁净

杂色

prolate

Conclaves in the Renaissance,determined to beautify Rome and make it a city worthy of the papacy; transforming Rome became a major concern for the papacy for the next two centuries. Nepotism was another trait associated with Renaissance popes. Many an earlier pope had given a red hat to a nephew, but Pius and most of his succes

Demonstrate

放大

Conclaves in the Baroque Era,d dealt largely with shoring up the Catholic Church’s position against the onslaught of Protestantism. While his successors hardly ignored the fact that much of Europe now professed rival versions of Christianity, they also turned their attention to internal changes in the administration of the Chur

Fracture

Conclaves in the Age of Absolutism,lected popes who never disgraced their office with their personal failings. On the other hand, popes and cardinals were more eager than ever to enhance the status and wealth of their families by giving them much of the papal patrimony. Urban VIII set the example in this. An observer wrote, “Upon his

Vasoconstrictor

Conclaves in the Nineteenth Century,ry. Every conclave took place in the Vatican palace with about sixty cardinals attending, of whom 90 percent were Italian. They each lasted about two months, and the elections were controlled by the dominant political power of the era, usually France. The popes chosen in these conclaves conformed cl

jet-lag

Conclaves in the Twentieth Century,s and legitimizing democracy in secular politics, the papacy moved away from the fusion of ecclesiastical and secular authority that had been a curse for the Church for a millennium. The pope’s official authority became strictly moral and spiritual, yet the popes after Leo found that papal prestige