Titlebook: Basic Radiotherapy Physics and Biology; David S. Chang,Foster D. Lasley,Joseph R. Dynlacht Book 2021Latest edition Springer Nature Switzer

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03830-7adiation. Particles are directly ionizing while electromagnetic radiation is indirectly ionizing because it sets other particles in motion to deposit the dose. The majority of innovation in radiation therapy has focused on electromagnetic radiation, beginning with X-ray tubes and γ-rays emitted from

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Basic Concepts of Hierarchical Planningrpose of describing particle radiotherapy. Particles can be described as charged or uncharged and heavy or light. Charged particles are usually directly ionizing by acting through coulombic forces while uncharged particles are indirectly ionizing, often causing ionization as a secondary consequence

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Single Fibre Microneurography and Sensation absorption of energy in a medium is quantified as dose, measured in Gray. Due to the different effects of radiation in different tissues as well as the need for radiation safety and protection standards, dose is expressed in Sieverts for equivalent radiation dose and effective radiation dose. Radia

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Hierarchies and the Visual Systemensity) at depth. A half-value layer is a thickness of material that decreases the intensity to half of its original value. In a polyenergetic photon beam, lower energies are attenuated more rapidly than higher energies. Therefore, the average energy of the beam increases with attenuation. This effe

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Order and Disorder in the Motor Systemions in shape and density. These dose correction techniques range from very simple rules to complex computer algorithms. Wedges and compensators may be used to correct for patient surface shape. Bolus may be used to increase the surface dose. Field-matching techniques may be used for treatments with