Titlebook: Basic Concepts of Iron and Steel Making; Sujay Kumar Dutta,Yakshil B. Chokshi Textbook 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 Ferrou

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Smelting Reduction ProcessesBlast furnace is still very popular in producing hot metal because of their (i) high energy efficiency, (ii) high productivity, (iii) high degree of gas utilization and (iv) long service life.

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Thermodynamics of ReductionSuccess and efficiency of a process are depending on the thermodynamic calculation of the reactions. How much reducing gas (CO) required to reduce iron oxides at different stages and temperatures that should be known before the actual process, i.e. how much reductant is required for the process.

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A Brief History of the Discovery of ,referred to as direct reduced iron (DRI) or sponge iron. Different processes of coal-based and gas-based are discussed in detail. Forms of sponge iron, characteristics of sponge iron and re-oxidation of sponge iron are described. Uses of sponge iron are also discussed.

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Prevalence and Transmission Routes of lmaking is an oxidation process by which refining of hot metal take place. . is a refining process in which impurity elements are oxidized from hot metal and steel scrap which are charged as raw materials to the furnace. Before modern steelmaking processes are developed, there are three earlier proc

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Elizabeth A. Marcus,David R. Scottng processes. The oxidizing agents used for steelmaking are air, oxygen and iron oxide. Lime is generally added during steelmaking to make the slag basic enough to retain phosphorus and sulphur in the slag phase. The pre-treatment of hot metal is carried out for improving cost-effectiveness in steel

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