Titlebook: Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease; A Field and Laborato Ilaria Capua (Head, Virology Department, Director) Book 2009 Springer-Verlag Mi

conflate

Decline

constitute

Molecular Diagnosis of Avian Influenza,entification and characterisation of avian influenza (AI) viruses have become available. Such tests may be used to detect the AI viral genome directly from clinical specimens as well as to generate data on the molecular characteristics of an isolate or of viral RNA present in a sample collected from

排他

commensurate

Molecular Diagnosis of Newcastle Disease Virus,d in the last decade. A technical review was presented a few years ago (Aldous et al, 2001) in which conventional (end-point) RT-PCR protocols were described. More recently, real time PCR (rPCR) protocols based on the use of hydrolysis probes, SybrGreen or LUX primers have been published (.; .; .).

有特色

General Rules for Decontamination Following an Outbreak of Avian Influenza or Newcastle Disease,e (ND) viruses. Biosecurity comprises two elements: bio-exclusion and bio-containment. Bio-exclusion includes all measures aimed at excluding infectious agents from uninfected premises. It requires the prevention of direct and indirect contact of infected animals or contaminated inanimate carriers (

Adulterate

多样

山间窄路

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2301-0f AI and ND is achieved mainly through human-related activities, such as the movement of staff, vehicles, equipment and other fomites. Further outbreaks may occur following restocking of birds in establishments that have not been adequately sanitised.

吹牛大王

Ecology, Epidemiology and Human Health Implications of Avian Influenza Virus Infections,he millennium, however, a sharp increase in the number of outbreaks of AI in poultry occurred. It has been calculated that the impact of AI on the poultry industry has increased 100-fold, with 23 million birds affected in the 40-year period between 1959 and 1998 and over 200 million from 1999 to 2004 (.).